Behaviorism
Terms
Behavioral
Learning - focused on external events.
Cognitive/Mental
Learning - focused on internal events.
Discriminative
Stimulus - any stimulus that is consistently
present when a response is reinforced. The
probability that a response will be repeated
is maximized by the presence of the discriminative
stimulus. This type of stimulus acquires behavioral
control as a result of prior reinforcements
for particular response to their presence.
Elicited
Responses (Skinner) - Responses that are elicited
by a particular stimulus (like in Pavlov's
work). Include reflexes and emotional responses.
Emitted
Responses (Skinner) - Complex behaviors that
are not initiated by a particular stimulus.
Interval
Schedule of Reinforcement - delivery of reinforcers
based on elapsed time - may be fixed or variable.
Learning
(from behaviorism viewpoint) - The process
through which experiences cause seemingly
permanent changes in behavior.
Learning
(from Skinner's view) - change in the likelihood
or probability of a response.
Negative Reinforcers - when take away negative
stimulus that increases positive behavior.
(car lights buzzer).
Operants
- Any behavior that acts or operates on the
environment to produce some consequence or
change. Operant behaviors are actions that
individuals take to meet the demands of their
environment.
Operant
Conditioning - The process of modifying an
individual's behavior through the reinforcement
of appropriate responses in the presence of
appropriate stimuli.
Paradigms
- A collection of beliefs shared by scientists,
a set of agreements about how problems are
understood. A worldview. A paradigm is composed
of various theories that share the more general
world view expressed by the paradigm.
Positive
Reinforcers - when good stimulus is introduced
that increases behavior.
Punishment
Type I- when introduce a negative stimulus
that decreases the undesired behavior.
Punishment
Type II - When you remove something good in
order to decrease the negative behavior.
Reinforcement
- Any behavioral consequence that strengthens
behavior.
Social
Learning - focused on social events.
Variable-Ratio
Schedules of Reinforcement - Reinforcers delivered
based on emitted responses - may be fixed
or variable.
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