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Behaviorism
Description
Classical
(or Respondent or Reflex) Conditioning (Pavlov
and Watson)
- Naturally
occurring stimulus and the reflex response
are unconditioned - they occur together
without training.
- Naturally
occurring stimulus is known as the unconditioned
stimulus (UCS) and the naturally occurring
response is known as the unconditioned response
(UCR.)
- After
training (paring the UCS with the new stimulus),
the new stimulus elicits the reflex response.
- The
new stimulus is known as the conditioned
stimulus (CS) and the resulting response
is known as the conditioned response (CR)
Instrumental
Conditioning (Thorndike)
- Conditioning
of known voluntary behaviors to new stimuli
- Discovery
learning
Laws
of Learning (Thorndike)
- Law
of Exercise - Associations are strengthened
with practice. Repetition of the experience
increased the probability of a correct response.
- Law
of Effect - Associations are only made when
the consequences of behavior are satisfying.
(Annoying consequences weakens associations)
- Law
of Transfer (Associative Shifting) - Conditioned
behaviors will occur under similar stimulus
conditions.
-
Law of Readiness - The impulse to do something
within ability level is satisfying; when
unwanted or unable is annoying. In other
words, The execution of an action in response
to a strong impulse is satisfying, whereas
the blocking of that action or forcing it
under other conditions is annoying.
Operant
Conditioning (Skinner)
- Complex
responses result in consequences that alter
future behavior - these behaviors are called
operants.
- Key
to understanding operant behaviors was Thorndike's
law of effect identified three essential
components for behavioral change
1.
The occasion in which the response occurs
2. The subject's response
3. The reinforcing consequences.
- These
three components of learning are described
as the discriminative stimulus (SD), the
response (R) and the reinforcing stimulus
(Sreinf). SD - R - Sreinf
- Four
types of Reinforcers: Positive, Negative,
Punishment Type I, Punishment Type II.
- Two
Schedules of Reinforcement: Interval (fixed
or variable), which is based on time, and
Variable Ratio, which is based on response.
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