list 22 presumptuous --- raconteur

list 22 presumptuous --- raconteur

presumptuous [prI5zQmptjJEs] adj. 放肆的,冒昧的,冒失的

overstepping due bounds (as of propriety or courtesy):taking liberties

transgression:morality=presumption:propriety

违犯:道德=放肆:恰当 (违反关系)

presumptuous:unruly=？？

放肆的:难以管束的 (同义关系)

Synonyms: brash, brassbound, confident, forward, gay, overconfident, overweening, presuming, pushful, pushing, self-asserting, self-assertive, uppish, uppity

Sample:The struggle of the generations is one of the obvious constants of human affairs; therefore, it may be presumptuous to suggest that the rivalry between young and old in Western society during the current decade is uniquely critical.

pretense [prI5tens] n. 借口,虚假,伪装

an inadequate or insincere attempt to attain a certain condition or quality

pretense:deceive=admonition:reprove

假装:欺骗=告诫:责备 (目的关系)

Synonyms: MASK, cloak, color, coloring, cover, facade, face, false front, guise, masquerade

Sample:An example of an illegitimate method of argument is to lump dissimilar cases together deliberately under the pretense that the same principles apply to each.

prevail [prI5veIl] vi.胜，优胜；流行

to gain ascendancy through strength or superiority:TRIUMPH

prevail<>yield

战胜<>屈服

Synonyms: CONQUER, best, master, overcome, triumph, RULE, dominate, domineer, predominate, preponderate, reign

Sample:This final essay, its prevailing kindliness marred by occasional flashes of savage irony, bespeaks the dichotomous character of the author.

prevalent [5prevElEnt] adj.流行的，普遍的

generally or widely accepted, practiced, or favored:WIDESPREAD

prevalent<>unusual

普遍的<>与众不同的

prevalent<>absent

行的，普遍的 <> 缺乏的

Synonyms: DOMINANT, ascendant, master, overbearing, paramount, predominant, predominate, preponderant, regnant, sovereign

Sample:A radical committed to social change, Reed had no patience with the conservative views prevalent in the America of his day.

prevaricate [prI5vArIkeIt] vi. 支吾其辞,搪塞,撒谎

to deviate from the truth:EQUIVOCATE

blandishment:coax=prevarication:deceive

劝诱:哄诱=搪塞:欺骗 (行为及其目的)

equivocation:clarity=prevarication:truth

含糊:清晰=搪塞:事实 (反义关系)

philanthropist:endow=prevaricater:mislead

慈善家:捐赠=支吾其词者:误导（人物及其特征动作）

prevaricate:deceive=filibuster:delay

搪塞:哄骗=阻挠:延迟(行为及其目的)

prevaricate:candid=??

支吾其辞:坦白=?? （缺乏关系）

mentor:guidance=prevaricater:deceive

导师:指导=支吾者:欺骗（人物及其正面特征行为）

Synonyms: LIE, equivocate, falsify, fib, palter

Sample:Some people believe that to prevaricate in a good cause is justifiable and regard the statement as a "white lie."

prime [praIm] n. 最佳部分,初期 adj. 一流的，主要的，最初的

the earliest stage

prime<>uninitiated

一流的<>业余水平的

Synonyms: MORNING, aurora, cockcrow, dawn, daybreak, dayspring, morn, sunrise

Sample:Although he was over seventy years old, Jack had the vigor of a man in his prime.

primordial [praI5mC:dIEl] adj. 原始的；初发的

existing in or persisting from the beginning

primordial<>most recent

原始的<>新近的

Synonyms: EARLY, primitive, FIRST, primary, prime

Sample:The Neanderthal Man is one of our primordial ancestors.

primp [primp] vt.vi. 打扮,装饰

to dress, adorn, or arrange in a careful or finicky manner

primp:vain=gloat:smug

打扮:虚荣=心满意足:自鸣得意的 (动作表达内心情感)

Synonyms: DRESS UP, deck (out), doll out, doll up, fix up, gussy up, slick, smarten (up), spruce (up)

Sample:She primps for hours before a dance.

principal [5prInsIp(E)l] adj. 主要的,重要的,首要的

most important, consequential, or influential:CHIEF

principal<>subordinate

主要的<>次要的

Synonyms: CHIEF, capital, dominant, main, major, outstanding, predominant, preeminent, star, stellar

Sample:The principal reproved the students when they became unruly in the auditorium.

prissy [5prIsI] adj. 谨小慎微的,神经质的,为小事挂虑的

being prim and precise:FINICKY

Synonyms: EFFEMINATE, epicene, sissified, sissy, unmanly

Sample:She is very prissy about her children using slang expressions.

pristine [5pristain] adj. 原来的,古时的,原始的,纯净的,无垢的

not spoiled, corrupted, or polluted (as by civilization):PURE

pristine:decay=stable:fluctuation

未被文明腐蚀的:腐烂=稳定的:波动 (反义关系)

demanding:satisfactory=adulterate:pristine {closed-mind:sway}

苛求的:满意=掺假的:纯净 (反面特征)

dismantle:unity=adulterate:pristine

拆除:整体=掺假:纯净 (行为及其消除对象)

pristine:decay=still:movement

未被文明腐蚀的:腐朽=静止的:运动（反义关系）

pristine:blemish=??

质朴的:腐朽=??

squalid<>pristine

肮脏的<>纯洁的

pristine<>taint

无垢的<>污点

Synonyms: original, pure

Sample:Scientists' pristine reputation as devotees of the disinterested pursuit of truth has been compromised by recent evidence that some scientists have deliberately fabricated experimental results to further their own careers.

privation [prai5veiFEn] n.缺乏, 穷困, 丧失, 被剥夺了某物的状态

the state of being deprived; especially : lack of what is needed for existence

repletion<>privation

塞满<>缺乏

Synonyms ABSENCE, dearth, default, defect, lack, want

Sample: In his youth, he knew hunger and privation.

privilege [5prIvIlIdV] n.特权，优惠

a right or immunity granted as a peculiar benefit, advantage, or favor:PREROGATIVE; especially :such a right or immunity attached specifically to a position or an office

Synonyms: RIGHT, birthright, perquisite, prerogative, franchise

Sample:Psychology has slowly evolved into an independent scientific discipline that now functions autonomously with the same privileges and responsibilities as other sciences.

probe [prEJb] v.探索,探测

to make a searching exploratory investigation

cavil:criticize=probe:investigate

吹毛求疵:批评=探查:调查 (前者为过分的后者)

Synonyms: INQUIRY, delving, inquest, inquisition, investigation, probing, quest, research

Sample:The surgeon probed the wound for foreign matter before suturing it.

probity [5prEJbItI] n. 刚直，正直

adherence to the highest principles and ideals:UPRIGHTNESS

probity<>unscrupulousness

正直<>狂妄

probity<>shiftness

正直<>奸诈【注:shift:given to deception, evasion, or fraud:TRICKY 】

Synonyms: GOODNESS, morality, rectitude, righteousness, rightness, uprightness, virtue

Sample:Everyone took his probity for granted; his defalcations, therefore, shocked us all.

proclivity [prE5klIvItI] n. 癖性，倾向天生的爱好或脾性；偏好

A natural propensity or inclination; predisposition

proclivity<>aversion

倾向<>厌恶

proclivity<>antipathy

倾向<>反感

proclivity<>disinclination

倾向<>厌恶

Sample:The cross old lady has a proclivity to grumble.

procrastinate [prEJ5krAstIneIt] v. 耽搁，拖延

to put off intentionally the doing of something that should be done

dilatory:procrastinate=malcontent:complain

拖拉的:耽搁=不满的:抱怨 (同义关系)

husbandry:dissipate=alacrity:procrastinate

节约:挥霍=爽快:拖延 (反义关系)

procrastination<>diligence

懒散<>勤奋

Synonyms: DELAY, dally, dawdle, drag, lag, linger, loiter, poke, put off, tarry

Sample:It is wise not to procrastinate; otherwise, we find ourselves bogged down in a mass of work that should have been finished long ago.

procure [prE5kjuE] vt. 获得,取得,促成

to get possession of:obtain by particular care and effort

procure<>relinquish

获得<>放弃

Synonyms: GET, acquire, annex, compass, gain, have, land, obtain, pick up, secure

Sample:The personnel department handles the procurement of new employees.

prod [prCd] vt. 戳,刺,刺激

to incite to action:STIR

doze:sleep=nudge:prod

瞌睡:睡觉=轻推:推动（程度类比）

rein<>prod

抑制<>刺激

Synonyms: POKE, dig, jab, jog, nudge, punch，URGE, exhort, goad, prick, prompt, propel, spur

Sample:If you prod him hard enough, he'll eventually clean his room.

prodigal [5prRdI^(E)l] adj. 浪费的,挥霍的,放荡的

characterized by wasteful expenditure:LAVISH

mean:prodigality=meek:arrogance

吝啬的:挥霍=谦恭的:自大 (反义关系)

miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal

守财奴:吝啬的=挥霍者:挥霍的 (人物及其正面特征)

parsimonious:save=prodigal:spend

吝啬的:节省=挥霍的:花费 (褒贬程度类比)

faultfinding:criticize=prodigal:spend

喜欢挑剔的:吹毛求疵=浪费的:浪费（行为及其正面特征）

husbandry<>prodigality

节约<>挥霍

parsimonious<>prodigal

吝啬的<>浪费的

prodigal<>frugal

浪费的<>节省的

Synonyms: PROFUSE, exuberant, lavish, lush, luxuriant, opulent, profusive, riotous

Sample:She is most frugal in matters of business, but in her private life she reveals a streak of prodigality.

prodigy [5prRdIdVI] n. 惊人的事物,不凡的人,神童

an extraordinary, marvelous, or unusual accomplishment, deed, or event

prodigy:person=miracle:occurrence

不凡的人:人=奇事:事件 (奇怪和正常)

prodigious:amaze=??

不凡的:使吃惊=??

prodigious<>slight

巨大的<>微小的

Synonyms: WONDER, marvel, miracle, phenomenon, portent, sensation, stunner

Sample:Often the difficulties of growing up in the public eye cause child prodigies to retire from the world of achievement before reaching adulthood:happily, they sometimes later return to competition and succeed brilliantly.

profane [prE5feIn] v. 亵渎，玷污

to treat (something sacred) with abuse, irreverence, or contempt:DESECRATE

pierce:impenetrable=profane:inviolable

穿破:无法穿破的=亵渎:不可亵渎的 (事物特征及其反面被动行为)

penetrate:impermeable=profane:inviolable

穿透:不能透过的=亵渎:无法亵渎的（形容词与动词的反义关系）

inviolable<>profane/impure

神圣的<>亵渎的/不纯的

profaned<>unviolated

亵渎的<>未受侵害的

Synonyms: OBSCENE, coarse, dirty, filthy, foul, indecent, nasty, smutty, vulgar

Sample:Many philosophers agree that the verbal aggression of profanity in certain radical newspapers is not trivial or childish, but an assault on decorum essential to the revolutionaries purpose.

proffer [5prRfE(r)] v. 献出，赠送，n. 提议，建议

to present for acceptance:TENDER, OFFER

proffer<>retain

提供<>保留

proffer<>withhold

提供<>保留

Synonyms: OFFER, extend, give, hold out, pose, present, tender

proficient [prE5fIFEnt] adj.熟练的, 精通的

having or marked by an advanced degree of competence, as in an art, vocation, profession, or branch of learning

proficient<>inept

精通的<>无能的

proficient<>incompetent

精通的<>无法胜任的

Sample:Experienced and proficient, Susan is a good, reliable trumpeter her music is often more satisfying than Carol's brilliant but erratic playing.

profligate [5prRflI^Et] adj. 挥金如土的，n. 挥霍者

wildly extravagant:PRODIGAL

profligate:solvent=mercurial:committed

挥霍的: 还得起债的=活泼多变的:受约束的 (反义关系)

querulous:words=profligate:money

好发牢骚的:评论=挥金如土的:金钱 (褒贬程度类比)

loquacious:word=profligate:money

多话的:话语=挥金如土的:金钱 (褒贬程度类比)

parsimonious:profligacy=impetuous:hesitance

吝啬的:挥霍的=冲动的:犹豫的 (反义关系)

profligate<>parsimonious

挥霍的<>吝啬的

provident<>profligate

节俭的<>挥霍

profligate<>thrift

挥霍<>节俭

profligate<>economize

挥霍的<>节俭

Synonyms: ABANDONED, dissolute, licentious, reprobate, self-abandoned, unprincipled

Sample:The profligacy and dissolution of life in Caligula's Rome appall some historians.

profusion [prE5fju:V(E)n] n．丰富、大量、浪费

great quantity:lavish display or supply

profusion<>paucity

大量<>极小量

profuse<>scanty

丰富的<>缺乏的

Synonyms: ABUNDANCE, richness, wealth

Sample:Seldom have I seen food and drink served in such profusion as at the wedding feast.

proliferate [prE5lIfEreIt] v.增生扩散

to increase in number as if by proliferating:MULTIPLY

proliferate<>decrease in mount

增生<>数量减少

barren<>prolific

不育的<>大量繁殖的

Sample:Times of economic hardship inevitably encourage countless get-rich-quick schemes to proliferate.

prolix [5prElIks] adj．罗嗦的,冗长的

marked by or using an excess of words

pithy<>prolix

精炼的<>冗长的

prolixity<>succinctness

冗长的<>简洁的

taciturn<>prolix

沉默寡言的<>罗嗦的

terse<>prolix

精炼的<>冗长的

succinct<>prolix

简洁的<>冗长的

prolixity<>rareness

丰富的<>稀少的

Synonyms: WORDY, diffuse, long-winded, redundant, verbose, windy

Sample:Her prolix arguments irritated and bored the jury.

prolong [prEJ5lC:N] vt. 延长,拖延,拖长

to lengthen in extent, scope, or range

prolong<>truncate

延长<>截短

Synonyms: EXTEND, draw, draw out, elongate, lengthen, prolongate, protract, spin (out), stretch

Sample:In their determination to discover ways to prolong human life, doctors fail to take into account that longer lives are not always happier ones.

prominent [5prRmInEnt] adj. 卓越的,显著的,凸出的,突起的

readily noticeable:CONSPICUOUS

prominent:notice=lucid:understand

卓越的:注意=明晰的:理解（事物特征及其正面被动行为）

eclipse<>make more prominent/bring to more prominent

使黯然失色<>使更加卓越

prominent<>inconspicuous

卓越的<>不显眼的

Synonyms: NOTICEABLE, arresting, conspicuous, outstanding, remarkable, salient, striking,

Sample:Doreen justifiably felt she deserved recognition for the fact that the research institute had been returned to a position of preeminence, since it was she who had directed the transformation.

promote [prE5mEJt] vt. 促进,升迁,创办

to contribute to the growth or prosperity of:FURTHER

abate<>intensify/promote

缓和<>强化/促进

subside<>promote

衰减<>促进

Synonyms: ADVANCE, elevate, prefer, upgrade

Sample:For his intrepid conduct in battle, he was promoted.

propagate [5prRpE^eIt] vt.繁殖；传播，普及

to cause to spread out and affect a greater number or greater area:EXTEND

propagate<>check

普及<>阻遏

Synonyms: SPREAD, circulate, diffuse, disperse, disseminate, distribute, radiate, strew

Sample:Since bacteria propagate more quickly in unsanitary environments, it is important to keep hospital rooms clean.

propensity [prE5pensItI] n. 习性；倾向

an often intense natural inclination or preference

propensity<>aversion

倾向<>厌恶

Synonyms: LEANING, bent, disposition, inclination, inclining, penchant, predilection, predisposition, proclivity, tendency

Sample:The poet W. H. Auden believed that the greatest poets of his age were almost necessarily irresponsible, that the possession of great gifts engenders the propensity to abuse them.

prophetic [prE5fetIk] adj. 预言的,先知的,预示的

foretelling events:PREDICTIVE

mentor:guidance=oracle:prophecy

导师:指导=神谕:预言 (人物及其职能)

apocalyptic:prophetic=inconsequential:illogical

启示录的:预言的=不符合逻辑的:不符合逻辑的（同义关系）

Synonyms: apocalyptic, Delphian, fatidic, mantic, oracular, prophetical, sibylline, vatic

Sample:Kagan maintains that an infant's reactions to its first stressful experiences are part of a natural process of development, not harbingers of childhood unhappiness or prophetic signs of adolescent anxiety.

propitiate [prE5pIFIeIt] vt. 慰抚,安抚,和解

to gain or regain the favor or goodwill of:APPEASE, CONCILIATE

immutable:altered=implacable:propitiated

不可变的:改变的=不可平息的:平息的 (反义关系)

inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated

不可剥夺的:放弃所有的=不可平息的:平息的 (反义关系)

implacable:propitiate=ineluctable:avoid

不可平息的:平息=不可避免的:避免(形容词与动词的反义关系)

propitiate<>incense

劝解<>激怒

propitiate<>antagonize

安抚<>使反感

Synonyms: PACIFY, appease, assuage, conciliate, mollify, placate, sweeten

Sample:Like many eighteenth-century scholars who lived by cultivating those in power, Winckelmann neglected to neutralize, by some propitiatory gesture of comradeship, the resentment his peers were bound to feel because of his involvement with the high and mighty.

propitious [prE5pIFEs] adj. 顺利的,适合的,吉祥的,慈悲的

favorably disposed:BENEVOLENT

inauspicious<>propitious

不吉利的<>吉利的

propitious<>unfavorable

吉利的<>不利的

untoward<>propitious

不幸的<>吉利的

Synonyms: FAVORABLE, auspicious, benign, bright,, fortunate, white

Sample:I think it is advisable that we wait for a more propitious occasion to announce our plans; this is not a good time.

proposal [prE5pEJz(E)l] n.提案，建议

an act of putting forward or stating something for consideration

Synonyms: invitation, proffer, proposition, suggestion

Sample:I am ready to accept your proposal with the two proviso that you meet your obligations within the next two weeks.

prosaic [prEJ5zeIIk] adj.单调的,无趣的

DULL, UNIMAGINATIVE,EVERYDAY, ORDINARY

prosaic<>exceptional/imaginary/exciting

平凡的/实际的/无趣的<>杰出的/想象的/令人兴奋的

prosaic<>extraordinary

平凡的<>杰出的

ingenious<>prosaic { spontaneous }

有独创性的<>平凡的

prosaic<>preternatural

平凡的<>超自然的

Synonyms: COMMONPLACE, everyday, lowly, mundane, workaday, workday

Sample:Though the ad writers had come up with a highly creative campaign to publicize the company's newest product, the head office rejected it for a more prosaic, down-to-earth approach.

proscribe [prEJ5skraIb] v. (当作危险物而) 禁止<习惯等>,排斥

to condemn or forbid as harmful or unlawful:PROHIBIT

proscribed<>permitted

禁止的<>允许的

proscription<>permission

禁止<>允许

Synonyms: SENTENCE, condemn, damn, doom

Sample:Despite the fact that it is almost universally proscribed, the practice of indentured servitude still persists in many parts of the world.

prosecution [prRsI5kju:F(E)n] n. 实行,经营,起诉

the act or process of prosecuting; specifically:the institution and continuance of a criminal suit involving the process of pursuing formal charges against an offender to final judgment

mediation:compromise=prosecution:conviction

调停:妥协=起诉:定罪 (动作及其结果)

Sample:The defense called several respectable witnesses who were able to refute the

false testimony of the prosecution's only witness.

proselytize [5prRsIlItaIz] vi. 劝诱改宗

to recruit or convert especially to a new faith, institution, or cause

hunter:quarry=proselytizer:convert

猎人:猎物=劝诱改宗的人:皈依者 (人及其寻求对象)

salesperson:buy=proselytizer:convert { educator:promote}

售货员:购买=劝诱改宗的人:皈依（人物及其工作目标）

proselytize:convert=grandstand:impress

劝诱改宗的人:皈依=炫耀表演:印象（人物及其工作目标）

swindler:cheat=proselyter:convert

骗子:欺骗=改变信仰者:改变信仰（人物及其特征行为）

Sample:In these interfaith meetings, there must be no attempt to proselytize; we must respect all points of view.

prospect [5prRspekt] v.探察探求（矿藏等）或为发现矿藏而考察（一个地区）

to search for or explore (a region) for mineral deposits or oil.

prospect:mineral=investigate:information

勘探矿产:矿产=调查:信息（动宾关系）

Sample:Many people prospected for gold in California in the 1850s.

prosperous [5prRspErEs] adj. 成功的,繁盛的,顺利的,幸运的

enjoying vigorous and healthy growth:FLOURISHING

palmy:prosperity=draconian:severity

繁荣的:繁荣=严峻的:严肃 (同义关系)

impecunious<>wealthy/prosperous/affluent

贫穷的<>富有的/繁荣的/富裕的

prosperous<>depressed

繁荣的<>萧条的

Synonyms: FLOURISHING, booming, prospering, roaring, robust

Sample:Paradoxically, England's colonization of North America was undermined by its success:the increasing prosperity of the colonies diminished their dependence upon, and hence their loyalty to, their home country.

prostrate [5prRstreIt] adj. 拜倒的,降伏的,伏地的,沮丧的,衰竭的

stretched out with face on the ground in adoration or submission; also:lying flat

prostrate<>erect

伏地的<>直立的

prostrate<>upright

伏地的<>垂直的

Synonyms: PRONE, decumbent, flat, procumbent, reclining, recumbent

Sample:He prostrated himself before the idol.

protean [prEu5ti:En] adj.千变万化的,变化不定的

displaying great diversity or variety:VERSATILE

circular:asymmetrical=protean:rigid

圆形的:不对称的=变化多端的:呆板的 (反义关系)

protean<>static

变化不定的<>固定的

Synonyms: CHANGEABLE, changeful, fluid, mobile, mutable, unsettled, unstable, unsteady, variable

Sample:A remarkably protean actor, Alec Guinness could take on any role.

protest [5prEtest] vt.vi. 反对,抗议,拒付,主张,断言

to execute or have executed a formal protest against (as a bill or note)

protest:dissuade=supplicate:entreat

反对:劝阻=恳求:恳求（同义关系）

Synonyms: OBJECT , except, expostulate, inveigh (against), kick, remonstrate

Sample:Despite vigorous protestations, the grin on the teen-ager’s face belied her denial that she had known about the practical joke before it was played on her parents.

protocol [5prEJtEkRl] n. 外交礼节，协议

a code prescribing strict adherence to correct etiquette and precedence

protocol:blunder=bumper:damage

外交礼节:大错误=缓冲器:伤害 (防止关系)

Sample:We must run this state dinner according to protocol if we are to avoid offending any of our guests.

protract [prE5trAkt] v．延长,拖长

to prolong in time or space:CONTINUE

protract:length=throng:number

延长:长度=群集:数量 (动宾关系)

protract<>curtail

延长<>缩减

protract<>abridge

延长<>删减

transient<>protracted

短暂<>拖延的

protract<>abbreviate

延长<>缩短

Synonyms: EXTEND, draw, draw out, elongate, lengthen, prolong, prolongate, spin (out), stretch

Sample:During a period of protracted illness, the sick can become infirm losing both the strength to work and many of the specific skills they once possessed.

protuberant [prE5tju:bErEnt] adj. 突起的,凸出的,显著的

thrusting out from a surrounding or adjacent surface often as a rounded mass:PROMINENT

protuberant<>depressed

突起的<>下陷的

protuberance<>concavity

隆起<>凹陷

protrude<>concave

隆起<>凹陷

Synonyms: prominent, obtrusive

Sample:A ganglionic cyst is a fluid-filled tumor (generally benign) that develops near a joint membrane or tendon sheath, and that bulges beneath the skin, forming a protuberance.

provident [5prRvIdEnt] adj. 深谋远虑的，节俭的

FRUGAL, SAVING

provident<>profligate

节俭的<>挥霍的

Synonyms: PROVIDENT ,SPARING, canny, chary, economical, frugal, saving, Scotch, stewardly, thrifty

Sample:In his usual provident manner, he had insured himself against this type of loss.

providential [prRvI5denF(E)l] adj.幸运的

Happening as if through divine intervention; opportune.

providential<>unfortunate/mishap

幸运的<>不幸的

Synonyms: LUCKY, fortunate, happy, well

provincial [prE5vInF(E)l] adj. 省的,地方的,偏狭的

limited in outlook:NARROW

bigot:tolerant=provincial:cosmopolitan{servile:domination}

不容异己的人:容忍的=狭隘的:四海为家的人 (奴性的:支配) (人物及其反面特征)

ecumenical<>factionalism/provincial

世界范围的<>党派主义/狭隘的

Synonyms: INSULAR, local, parochial, sectarian, small-town

Sample:As provincial governor, Sir Henry administered the Queen's law in his remote corner of Canada.

provisional [prE5vIVEn(E)l] adj. 暂时的,暂定的,临时的

serving for the time being:TEMPORARY

definitive<>provisional

决定性的<>暂时性的

Synonyms: CONDITIONAL, provisionary, provisory, tentative

Sample:Before the Second World War, academics still questioned whether the body of literature produced in the United States truly constituted a national literature, or whether such literature was only a provincial branch of English literature.

provisory [prEJ`vaIzErI] adj. 有附文的,有附带条件的,暂时的

containing or subject to a proviso:CONDITIONAL

provisory<>unconditional

有条件的<>无条件的

Synonyms: CONDITIONAL, provisional, provisionary, tentative

provoke [prE5vEJk] vt. 激怒,惹起,驱使

to call forth (as a feeling or action):EVOKE

taunt:provoke=plot:outwit

嘲弄:挑拨=密谋:以智取胜 (同义关系)

choleric<>difficult to provoke

易怒的<>难以激怒的

jejune<>thought provoking

枯燥乏味的<>发人深省的

Synonyms: IRRITATE, aggravate, inflame, pique, rile, roil

Sample:Marshall's confrontational style could alienate almost anyone:he even antagonized a board of directors that included a number of his supporters and that had a reputation for not being easily provoked.

prowess [5praJIs] n. 英勇,勇敢,超凡技术

distinguished bravery; especially:military valor and skill

prowess<>timid

英勇<>胆怯

Synonyms: HEROISM, gallantry, valiance, valiancy, valor, valorousness

Sample:he showed her prowess on the basketball court by scoring 35 points for our team.

prowl [praJl] v.潜行于…偷偷地漫游，比如为了获取猎物或赃物

to move about or wander stealthily in or as if in search of prey

reconnoiter:information=prowl:prey

侦察:信息=巡游:猎物 (动宾关系)

annotate:commentary=prowl:prey

注释:注释=四处觅食:捕食(动词与其名词的同义关系)

Sample:At night, criminals are on the prowl for people to rob.

proximal [5prCksimEl] adj.最接近的

nearest; proximate

proximal<>distant

最接近的<>遥远的

prude [pru:d] n. 装成规矩的女人,过分正经的女人

a person who is excessively or priggishly attentive to propriety or decorum; especially :a woman who shows or affects extreme modesty

fanatic:devoted=prude:proper

狂热者:投入的=过分正经的人:正经的 (贬褒程度类比)

Synonyms: bluenose, goody-goody, prig, puritan

Sample:Prudery actually draws attention to the vice it is supposed to repress; the very act that forbids speech or prohibits sight dramatizes what is hidden.

prudent [5pru:dEnt] adj. 审慎的,三思而后行的,精明的,节俭的

marked by circumspection:DISCREET

prudence:daredevil=sagacity:simpleton

谨慎:蛮勇的人=睿智:笨蛋 (人物及其反面特征)

caprice:whimsical=insight/foresight:prudent

任性:反复无常的=洞察力:明智的（形容词与名词的同义关系）

fool<>prudent

傻的<>精明的

Synonyms: WISE , judgmatic, judicious, sage, sane, sapient, sensible

Sample:It was a war the queen and her more prudent counselors wished to avoid if they could and were determined in any event to postpone as long as possible.

prudish [`prU:dIF] adj. 装淑女样子的,装规矩的,过分规矩的

marked by prudery:PRIGGISH

scholarly:pedantic=modest:prudish

学者气的:学究式的=正派的:过分规矩的 (人性格的正常与过分)

Synonyms: PRIM, genteel, priggish, prissy, proper, puritanical, straitlaced, stuffy, tight-laced

Sample:He sang a ribald song that offended many of the more prudish listeners.

prune [pru:n] n. 干梅子,梅干,深紫红色,傻瓜

a plum dried or capable of drying without fermentation

prune:plum=raisin:grape

梅干:梅子(李子)=葡萄干:葡萄 (水果的干和水果)

Synonyms: DUNCE, blockhead, chump, dimwit, dolt, dope, dumbbell, idiot, ignoramus, moron

Sample:With the help of her editor, she was able to prune her manuscript into publishable form.

pry [praI] v.刺探,打听,撬开

to look closely or inquisitively; also:to make a nosy or presumptuous inquiry

connive:cooperate=pry:watch

暗中合作:合作=窥探:注视（特殊行为及其正常状态）

prying:inquisitive=garish:colorful

爱打听的:好奇的=过分妆饰的=华丽的（褒贬程度类比）

Synonyms: SNOOP, busybody, mouse, nose, poke

Sample:He pried into his daughter's love life so closely that she stopped telling him anything.

psychology [saI5kRlEdVI] n. 心理学,心理状态

the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity

fungi:ecologist=motivation:psychologist

真菌:生态学家=动机:心理学家 (人物及其研究对象)

Sample:Pavlov's experiment in which he trains a dog to salivate on hearing a bell is a paradigm of the conditioned-response experiment in behavioral psychology.

pucker [5pQkE(r)] v.折叠, 噘嘴

to contract into folds or wrinkles

squint:eye=pucker:mouth

斜视:眼=噘嘴:嘴巴（人物器官及其特殊形态）

astringent:pucker=coagulant:congeal

收缩剂:收缩=凝结剂:凝结（药剂及其作用）

puckish [5pQkIF] adj. 爱恶作剧的精灵似的; 爱恶作剧的,淘气的,顽皮的

IMPISH, WHIMSICAL

puckish<>sober

淘气的<>严肃的

puckish<>grave

淘气的<>严肃的

puckish<>staid

淘气的<>认真的

Synonyms: PLAYFUL, antic, impish, larkish, mischievous, prankish, roguish, sportive, waggish, wicked

区别:punkish (adj.极差的)

puerile [5pjJEraIl] adj. 幼稚的，儿童的

CHILDISH, SILLY

puerile<>sagacious

幼稚的<>精明的

puerile<>mature

幼稚的<>成熟的

Synonyms: CHILDISH, babyish, immature, infantile, infantine, pre-kindergarten

Sample:His puerile pranks sometimes offended his more mature friends.

puissance [5pju:Is(E)ns] n. 权力, 权势, 力量, 影响

Power; might

puissance<>powerlessness

权势<>没有影响

Sample:We must keep his friendship for he will make a puissant ally.

pulchritude [5pQlkrItju:d] n. 美丽

physical comeliness

pulchritude<>ugliness

美丽<>丑陋

pulchritude<>homeliness

美丽<>不好看

pulchritudinous<>hideous

美丽的<>丑陋的

Synonyms: comeliness, beautifulness

Sample:I do not envy the judges who have to select this year's Miss America from this collection of female pulchritude.

pullet [5pJlIt] n. 小母鸡,小姑娘

a young hen; specifically:a hen of the domestic chicken less than a year old

filly:horse=pullet:chicken

小雌马:马=小母鸡:鸡 (小的雌性动物和成年动物)

pulverize [5pQlvEraIz] v.研磨成粉，将…捣、击或磨成粉末，破坏

to reduce (as by crushing, beating, or grinding) to very small particles:ATOMIZE

pulverize<>solidify

粉碎<>巩固

Synonyms: DESTROY, decimate, demolish, destruct, dynamite, rub out, ruin, shatter, tear down, wreck

Sample:Before sprinkling the dried herbs into the stew, Michael first pulverized them into a fine powder.

pun [pQn] n.双关语

a joke using words with similar sounds or two different meanings:

pun:joke=supernova:star

双关语:玩笑:超新星:恒星（种属关系）

Synonyms: calembour, paronomasia

Sample:A pun is, for example:"I have a weak back that I hurt about a week back"; "weak" and "week" have the same sound but different meanings and "back" means ``the human back" and in`` the past."

punch line [pQntF lain] n. 结论，点睛之笔 , (故事, 戏剧, 笑话等中的)妙语

the sentence, statement, or phrase (as in a joke) that makes the point

joke:punch line=plot:denouement

笑话:妙语=情节:结尾（事物及其重要部分）

Sample:In the pun, "Did you know that I hurt myself and have a weak back?" "No, when did it happen?" "Oh, about a week back!" the punch line is a "week back."

punctilious [pQNk5tIlIEs] adj. 精密细心的,一丝不苟的,拘泥形式的

marked by or concerned about precise accordance with the details of codes or conventions

punctilious<>remiss

一丝不苟的<>玩忽职守的

Synonyms: CAREFUL, conscientious, conscionable, exact, fussy, heedful, meticulous, painstaking, punctual, scrupulous

Sample:We must be punctilious in our planning of this affair, for any error may be regarded as a personal affront.

pundit [5pQndIt] n．权威人士,专家

one who gives opinions in an authoritative manner:PANDIT, CRITIC

augur:predict=pundit:opine

占卜师:预测=博学者:思考 (人物及其特征行为)

authoritativeness:pundits=allegiance:partisans

权威:权威人士=忠诚:党徒 (人物及其正面特征)

miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion

守财奴:匿藏=花花公子:打扮=马屁精:谄媚=权威:主张 (人物及其特征行为)

pundit:opinion=augur:prediction

权威:主张=占卜师:预言 (人物及其特征行为)

recidivism:relapse=pundit:opine

重犯:再发=博学者:发表意见（人物及其特征行为）

pundit:??=autocracy:power

博学者:??=独裁者:权利

Synonyms: pandit, teacher, critic

Sample:Even though he discourses on the matter like a pundit, he is actually rather ignorant about this topic.

pungent [5pQndVEnt] adj. 苦痛的,刺激性的,严厉的

causing a sharp or irritating sensation; especially:ACRID

pungency<>blandness

辛辣<>乏味

Synonyms: peppery, piquant, poignant, racy, snappy, spicy, zesty

Sample:The pungent verbal give-and-take among the characters makes the novel lively reading, and this very spiritedness suggests to me that some of the opinions voiced may be the author's.

puny [`pjU:nI] adj. 微小的,弱小的,微不足道的

slight or inferior in power, size, or importance:WEAK

measly:contemptibly=puny:weakly

微不足道的:卑微的=微不足道的:软弱的 (同义关系)

puny<>enormous

微小的<>巨大的

Synonyms: PETTY, measly, niggling, paltry, piddling, trifling, trivial, unconsequential

Sample:Our puny efforts to stop the flood were futile.

purgatory [5p\:^EtErI] n. 灵魂的净化,涤罪,炼狱,受难地

an intermediate state after death for expiatory purification; specifically:a place or state of punishment wherein according to Roman Catholic doctrine the souls of those who die in God's grace may make satisfaction for past sins and so become fit for heaven

Synonyms: SWAMP, bog, fen, marsh, mire, morass, quagmire

Sample:In this purgatory, he could expect no help from his comrades.

purity [5pjJErItI] n.纯净, 纯洁, 纯度

the quality or state of being pure

mosquito:netting=impurity:filter

蚊子:用网捕捉=杂质:过滤器 (阻挡关系)

stickler:approximation/imprecision=purist:adulteration

坚持己见的人:近似/不精确=纯化论者:搀假 (人物及其反面特征行为)

synopsis:conciseness=distillate:purity

大纲:简明=蒸馏物:纯净 (事物及其正面特征)

winnow:chaff=filter:impurities

扬谷:谷壳=过滤:杂质 (动作及其消除对象)

winnow:grain=purify:water

扬场:谷物:净化:水 (动作及其作用对象)

distill:purity=leaven:volume

蒸馏:纯度=发酵:体积 (动作及其获得对象)

dismantle:unity(whole)=?:purity

拆除:整体=?:纯净 (行为及其消除对象)

inviolable<>profane/impure

不可亵渎的<>亵渎的/不纯的

corruption<>purity

腐败<>纯洁

Sample:Although ordinarily skeptical about the purity of Robinson's motives, in this instance Jenkins did not consider Robinson's generosity to be alloyed with consideration of personal gain.

purlieu [5p\:lju:] n. 森林边缘地,常去的地方,范围,界限

a frequently visited place:HAUNT

taut:commodious=extraordinary:purlieu

紧张的:宽松的=非凡的:平常的 (反义关系)【注 purlieu词性不符】

purlieu<>unfamiliar place

常去的地方<>不熟悉的地方

purlieu<>unfrequently visited place

常去的地方<>不常去的地方

Synonyms: RESORT, hangout, haunt, rendezvous, stamping ground, watering hole，

purloin [p\:5lCIn] vt.vi. 偷窃,盗取

to appropriate wrongfully and often by a breach of trust

lurk:wait=purloin:appropriate=abscond:depart

潜伏:等=盗窃:挪用=潜逃:离开 (正常与非法)

Synonyms: STEAL, appropriate, cabbage, filch, pilfer, pinch, snitch, swipe, thieve

pursue [pE5sju:] vt. 追赶,追踪,追捕,追随,追求,

to follow in order to overtake, capture, kill, or defeat

Synonyms: FOLLOW, chase, chivy, trail, ADDRESS, court, make up (to), spark, sue, sweetheart, woo

Sample:Sure of his priestly vocation, Terrence planned to pursue his theological training at the local Roman Catholic seminary.

purvey [pE5veI] v. （大量）供给，供应

to supply (as provisions) usually as a matter of business

vendor:purvey=censor:expurgate

卖主:供给=审查员:删除 (人物及其特征行为)

Synonyms: provide, peddle

Sample:As purveyor of rare wines and viands, he traveled through France and Italy every year in search of new products to sell.

pusillanimous [pju:sI5lAnImEs] adj. 懦弱的，胆小的

lacking courage and resolution:marked by contemptible timidity

dauntless<>pusillanimous

胆大的<>胆小的

pusillanimous<>stouthearted

胆小的<>胆大的

temerity<>pusillanimity/circumspection

卤莽<>优柔寡断/慎重

valiance<>pusillanimous

勇猛的<>懦弱的

Synonyms: COWARDLY, coward, craven, gutless, lily-livered, poltroon, poltroonish, spunkless, unmanly

Sample:You should be ashamed of your pusillanimous conduct during this dispute.

quaff [kwAf] vt.vi. 一口气喝干,大口地喝

to drink (a beverage) deeply

quaff:sip=stride:mince

大口喝:啜饮=迈大步走:碎步走(程度类比)

quaff:sip=delve:skim

大口喝:啜饮=探究,考察:略读,掠过(程度类比)

Sample:As we quaffed our ale, we listened to the gay songs of the students in the tavern.

quail [kweIl] vi. 胆怯,畏缩

to recoil in dread or terror:COWER

quail<>become resolute

畏缩<>变得坚决

quail<>give bold

畏缩<>使大胆

Synonyms: GIRL , damsel, gal, lass, lassie, maid, maiden, miss, missy

Sample:He was afraid that he would quail in the face of danger.

quaint [kweInt] adj. 古雅的,离奇有趣的,奇怪的

unusual or different in character or appearance:ODD

Sample:Doors were closing on our past, and soon the values we had lived by would become so obsolete that we would seem to people of the new age as quaint as travelers from an ancient land.

qualified [5kwRlIfaId] adj.合格的，受限制的

limited or modified in some way

mitigate:severe=qualify:general

减轻:严重的=限定:一般的 (行为及其消除对象特征)

absolute<>qualified

绝对的<>受限制的

categorical<>qualified/conditional

绝对的<>受限制的/有条件的

qualified<>unreserved

受限制的<>无受限制的

Sample:Even though the general's carefully qualified public statement could hardly be faulted, some people took exception to it.

quandary [5kwRndErI] n. 困惑, 窘境, 进退两难

a state of perplexity or doubt

quandary:perplex=??

困惑:.困惑=??

Sample:When the two colleges to which he had applied accepted him, he was in a quandary as to which one he should attend.

quarantine [5kwRrEnti:n] n. 隔离检疫期，隔离

to isolate from normal relations or communication

embargo:commerce=quarantine:contact

禁运:贸易=隔离:接触 (防止)

hedge:loss=quarantine:contamination=safeguard:accident

树篱:丢失=隔离:污染,感染=保护措施:事故 (防止)

Sample:We will have to place this house under quarantine until we determine the nature of the disease.

quarry [5kwC:rI] n. 采石场

an open excavation usually for obtaining building stone, slate, or limestone

mine:ore=quarry:rock

矿:矿石=采石场:石头（采集场所及其对象）

quarry:marble=mine:coal

采石场:大理石=矿场:煤（采集场所及其对象）

Sample:He works in a stone quarry.

quarry n.猎物,追求物,出处

one that is sought or pursued:PREY

hunter:quarry=proselytizer:convert

猎人:猎物=劝人皈依者:皈依者 (人及其捕获对象)

aspirant:quarry=hunter:prey

有抱负者:目标=狩猎者:猎物（人物及其追求对象）

Synonyms: prey

Sample:Hunters kill deer (bears, rabbits, etc.) as quarry.

quash [5kwC:rI] v. 取消，拒绝接受，撤销; 镇定，镇压

to suppress or extinguish summarily and completely

quash<>engender

镇压<>引起，产生

foment<>quash/quell

煽动<>镇压

quash<>foment

镇压<>煽动

Synonyms: ANNUL, abrogate, discharge, dissolve, vacate, void

Sample:The authorities acted quickly to quash the student rebellion, sending in tanks to cow the demonstrators.

quell [kwel] vt. 压制,平息,减轻

to thoroughly overwhelm and reduce to submission or passivity

obdurate:move=irrepressible:quell

冷酷无情的:打动=镇压不住的:镇压（人物特征及其反面被动行为）

uell<>foment/instigate/rouse

压制<>煽动/怂恿/鼓舞

foment<>quash/quell

煽动<>镇压

quell<>foment

镇压<>煽动

quell<>incite

压制<>煽动

quell<>stir up

压制<>挑起

Synonyms: CRUSH, annihilate, extinguish, put down, quash, quench, squash, suppress

Sample:The police used fire hoses and teat gas to quell the rioters.

quench [kwentF] vt. 熄灭,结束,冷浸,淬火

to cool (as heated metal) suddenly by immersion (as in oil or water)

tint:suffuse=damp:quench

染色于:遍布,充满=使潮湿:冷浸 (程度类比)

Synonyms: CRUSH, annihilate, extinguish, put down, quash, quell, squash, suppress

Sample:The firefighters quenched the fire.

querulous [5kwerJlEs] vadj. 抱怨的，发牢骚的

habitually complaining

querulous:words=profligate:money

发牢骚的:话=浪费的:金钱 (事物及其修饰)

querulous:complain=sycophant:flattery

发牢骚的:抱怨=奉承的:谄媚 (行为及其正面特征) 【注:词性不符】

querulous:complain=voluble:talk

发牢骚的:抱怨=健谈的:说话（程度类比）

Synonyms: IRRITABLE, fractious, fretful, huffy, peevish, pettish, petulant, snappish, waspish, waspy

Sample:His classmates were repelled by his querulous and complaining statements.

queue [kju:] vi.排长队 n.一行,长队

a waiting line especially of persons or vehicles

colonnade:pillar=queue:person

柱廊:柱子=长队:人（链状排列)

queue:people=chain:link=colonnade:pillar

长队:人=链:环(一个接一个组成)

Sample:They stood patiently in the queue outside the movie theatre.

quibble [5kwIb(E)l] n. 遁辞,谬论,双关话 v. 推托,诡辩,说模棱两可的话

to evade the point of an argument by caviling about words

encomiast:eulogize=quibbler:cavil

赞美者:赞美=吹毛求疵的人:吹毛求疵(人物及其正面动作)

nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil

吹毛求疵者:批评=传道者:布道=同上 (人物及其正面动作)

faultfinding:criticize=quibble:cavil

挑剔:批评=遁词:挑剔（程度类比）

Synonyms: ARGUE, argufy, bicker, dispute, hassle, squabble, wrangle

Sample:Do not quibble; I want a straightforward and definite answer.

quiescent [kwaI5esEnt] adj. 静止的,不活动的,寂静的

marked by inactivity or repose:tranquilly at rest

tumult<>quietude/quiescence

骚动，混乱<>平静/寂静

quiescence<>tumult

平静<>骚动

rambunctious<>quiescent

骚乱的<>平静的

Synonyms: LATENT, abeyant, dormant, lurking, potential, prepatent

Sample:The astronomer and feminist Maria Mitchell's own prodigious activity and the vigor of the Association for the Advancement of Women during the 1870's belie any assertion that feminism was quiescent in that period.

quip [kwIp] n. 名言，讽刺语 v. 讽刺，嘲弄

a witty or funny observation or response usually made on the spur of the moment

Sample:You are unpopular because you are too free with your quips and sarcastic comments.

quixotic [kwIk5sRtIk] adj. 不切实际的，空想的

foolishly impractical especially in the pursuit of ideals; especially :marked by rash lofty romantic ideas or extravagantly chivalrous action

quixotic<>displaying consistently practical behavior

不切实际的<>表现出一致的是及动作

Sample:His head is in the clouds; he is constantly presenting these quixotic schemes.

quota [5kwEJtE] n.配额, 限额

a proportional part or share; especially :the share or proportion assigned to each in a division or to each member of a body

quota<>unlimited number

限额<>不限数量

Synonyms: SHARE, allotment, allowance, bite, cut, lot, part, partage, portion, slice

Sample:That student receives a yearly quota of money from the government.

quotidian [kwR5tIdIEn] adj．每日的，平凡的

COMMONPLACE, ORDINARY

quotidian<>remarkable

平凡的<>不平常的,值得注意的

quotidian<>striking

平凡的<>醒目的,惊人的

Synonyms: ORDINARY, everyday, plain, plain Jane, routine, unremarkable, usual, workaday

Sample:Their piety was expressed in quotidian behavior:they worshipped regularly, according all the regenerative processes of nature respect, and even awe.

rabble [5rAb(E)l] n. 乌合之众，暴民，下等人

a disorganized or disorderly crowd of people:MOB

items:hodgepodge=people:rabble

名目:混煮,杂菜=人:乌合之众 (组成,由杂乱的特征)

rabid [5reIbId] adj. 猛烈的,热烈的,急进的,疯狂的,固执的,狂怒的

extremely violent:FURIOUS

rabid<>logical

疯狂的<>合乎逻辑的

rabid<>detached

狂暴的<>镇静的

Synonyms: FURIOUS, corybantic, delirious, frantic, frenetic, frenzied, mad, wild

Sample:He was a rabid follower of the Dodgers and watched them play whenever he could go to the ball park.

racketeer [rAkI5tIE(r)] n. 敲诈者,获取不正当钱财的人

one who obtains money by an illegal enterprise usually involving intimidation

Sample:The witness's testimony against the racketeers incriminates some high public officials as well.

raconteur [rAkRn5tE:(r)] n．善于讲故事的人

a person who excels in telling anecdotes

raconteur:storytelling=wordsmith:writing

善于讲故事的人:讲故事=以写作为生的人:写作 (人及其擅长)

Sample:My father was a gifted raconteur with an unlimited supply of anecdotes.