list
21 petroglyph --- prestige
petroglyph [5petrE^lif] n.岩石雕刻
a carving
or inscription on a rock
petroglyph:rock=mural:wall
岩石记述学:岩石=壁画:墙壁 (事物及其对象)
petty [5peti] adj.小的, 不重要的, 小规模的, 小型的, 细微的, 小器的, 卑鄙的
having
secondary rank or importance : MINOR, SUBORDINATE
petty:notice=mysterious:explain{contemptible:respect}
小的:注意=神秘的:解释
（事物特征及其反面被动行为）
Synonyms inconsequent, inconsequential,
inconsiderable, measly, Mickey Mouse, niggling, paltry, peanut, peddling,
pettifogging, picayune, picayunish, piddling, piffling, pimping, puny, small,
trifling, trivial, unconsequential, unconsidered, ungenerous, unvital
Sample: Children invariably get involved in petty squabbles;
wise parents know when to interfere and when to let the children work things
out on their own.
petulance [
`petjJlEns ] n. 发脾气,生气,易怒,暴躁,性急
the
quality or state of being petulant:PEEVISHNESS
Sample:The feverish patient
was petulant and restless.
phenomenal [fI5nRmInEl] adj.显著的, 现象的, 能知觉的，非凡的；杰出的
EXTRAORDINARY, REMARKABLE
phenomenal<>ordinary
非凡的<>普通的
phenomenal<>unexceptional/commonplace
非凡的<>普通的
Synonyms: EXCEPTIONAL, extraordinary, rare, remarkable, singular, unimaginable, unique, unthinkable, unusual, unwonted
Sample:That
singer's new recording is a phenomenal success.
philanthropic [fIlEn5WrRpIk] adj. 博爱的
of, relating to, or
characterized by philanthropy:HUMANITARIAN
philanthropist:beneficence=comedian:humor
慈善家:善行=喜剧演员:幽默 （人物及其具有的动作特征）
resourceful:inventiveness=philanthropic:geniality
足智多谋:善于创造=博爱的:亲切 （人物及其正面特征）
philanthropist:endow=prevaricator:mislead
慈善家:捐赠=支吾其词者:误导
（人物及其特征动作）
philanthropist:eleemosynary=??
博爱的人:慈善的=?? （人物及其正面特征）
Synonyms: CHARITABLE, altruistic,
benevolent, eleemosynary, good, humane, humanitarian
Sample:As he grew older, he became famous as a philanthropist
and benefactor of the needy.
philistine [`fIlIstaIn] n. 庸人，市侩
a person who is
guided by materialism and is usually disdainful of intellectual or artistic
values
philistine<>aesthete
庸人<>审美家
Sample:We need more men of culture and enlightenment; we
have too many philistines among us.
phlegmatic [fle^5mAtIk] adj. 冷静的，冷淡的,冷漠的,无活力的
having or
showing a slow and stolid temperament
phlegmatic:stolid=peripatetic:itinerant
冷静的:不易激动的=走来走去的:巡回的
（同义关系）
phlegmatic:arouse=??
冷漠的:唤醒=?? (人物个性及其反面被动行为)
phlegmatic<>spirited
无活力的<>生气勃勃的
phlegmatic<>vivacious
无活力的<>活泼的
phlegmatic<>sprightly
无活力的<>活泼的
phlegmatic<>lively
迟钝的，冷静的<>活泼的
Synonyms: IMPASSIVE, apathetic, dry,
matter-of-fact, stoic, stolid
Sample:The nurse was a cheerful but phlegmatic person,
unexcited in the face of sudden emergencies.
piddling [5pidliN] adj. 无用的,琐屑的
TRIVIAL,
PALTRY
restive:calmness=piddling:considerable
焦虑的
:平静的=微不足道的:重视的 （反义关系）
Synonyms: PETTY, measly, Mickey Mouse,
niggling, paltry, peanut, peddling, pettifogging, puny, trifling
piebald [5paIbC:ld] adj.花斑的, 斑驳的；
of different colors;
especially : spotted
or blotched with black and white
monotonous<>piebald
单调的<>花斑的
pixel [5piksEl] n.（显示器或电视机图象的）象素
any of
the small discrete elements that together constitute an image
mosaic:tile=image:pixel
马赛克图案:瓷砖=图象:象素（组成关系）
pigment [5pI^mEnt] n．天然色素，干粉颜料
a coloring matter in
animals and plants especially in a cell or tissue;
albino:pigment=prairie:tree
白化病人:天然色素=大草原:树 (缺乏)
Sample:Van Gogh mixed various pigments with linseed oil to
create his paints.
pilfer [5pIlfE(r)] vt.vi. 盗,偷,窃
STEAL; especially :to steal stealthily in
small amounts and often again and again
abscond:depart=pilfer:take
潜逃:离开=偷窃:拿取 (种属关系)
Synonyms: STEAL, appropriate, filch, lift,
pinch, purloin, snitch, swipe, thieve
Sample: The
children pilfered apples from the fruit stand.
pillar [5pIlE(r)] n. 柱子,栋梁,重要的支持者
a firm
upright support for a superstructure:POST
colonnade:pillar=queue:person
柱廊:柱子=队列:人 （个体链状排列）
stockade:enclosure=pillar:support
栅栏:围住=柱子:支持 （事物及其功用）
derelict<>pillar
of society
被遗弃的人<>栋梁
Sample: Her long
years of service made her a pillar of the community.
pillory [5pIlErI] n．颈手枷，示众，嘲弄
to expose
to public contempt, ridicule, or scorn
admonish:denounce=punish:pillory{persuade:convince}
警告:公开指责=惩罚:公开嘲弄（种属关系/一般:公开）
chide:pillory=humor:mollycoddle
斥责:示众::牵就:溺爱
（程度类比）
pillory<>exalt
嘲弄<>赞美
pillory<>praise
publicly
嘲弄<>公开赞美
Sample:Even though he was mocked and pilloried, he
maintained that he was correct in his beliefs.
pilot [5paIlEt] n. 飞行员,领航员,领导人,响导,航船者
one
employed to steer a ship:HELMSMAN
pilot:ship=conductor:orchestra
领航人:轮船=指挥:管弦乐队
（人物及其指导对象）
Sample:The plane was lost in the stormy sky until the pilot
saw the city through a rift in the clouds.
pine [paIn] vi. 消瘦,憔悴,渴望
to yearn intensely
and persistently especially for something unattainable
longing:pine=remorse:rue
渴望 :盼望 =后悔 :懊悔 （程度类比）
Sample:Though she tried to be happy living with Clara in the
city, Heidi pined for the mountains and for her gruff but loving grandfather.
pinnacle [5pInEk(E)l] n. 小尖塔,尖峰,高峰
an upright
architectural member generally ending in a small spire and used especially in
Gothic construction to give weight especially to a buttress
pinnacle<>low point
尖峰<>低处
Sample:We could see the morning sunlight illuminate the
pinnacle while the rest of the mountain lay in shadow.
pinpoint [5pin7pCint] v. 精确地定位或确认
to locate or aim with great precision or accuracy
pinpoint<>exam
cursorily
精确地定位<>粗略的检查
Synonyms: IDENTIFY, determinate, diagnose,
diagnosticate, distinguish, finger, place, recognize, spot
piquant [5pInEk(E)l]adj．辛辣的,开胃的
agreeably
stimulating to the palate;
especially :SPICY
pique<>mollify
伤害，使生气<>平息
piquant<>vapid
开胃的<>索然无味的
piquant<>flat
辛辣的<>平淡的
piquant<>insipid
开胃的<>平淡的
piquant <>pallid
兴奋的<>无生气
Synonyms: PUNGENT, peppery, poignant, racy,
snappy, spicy, zesty
Sample:The piquant sauce added to our enjoyment of the meal.
pithy [5pIWI] adj. 精练的,有力的,含蓄的
having
substance and point:tersely cogent
pithiness:aphorism=exaggeration:caricature
简洁:格言
=夸张:幽默画 （事物及其正面特征）
circumlocution<>pithy
utters
累赘的话<>简练的话
pithy<>prolix/verbose/diffuse/wordy
精练的<>冗长的
pithy<>insubstantial
精练的<>非实在的
pith<>unimportant point
核心<>不重要的部分
Synonyms:
compact, epigrammatic,
marrowy, meaty
Sample:I enjoy reading his essays because they are always
compact and pithy.
pitiless [5pItIlIs] adj. 无情的,冷酷的,无怜悯心的
devoid of
pity:MERCILESS
clement<>pitiless
仁慈的<>无情的
Sample:The pitiless soldiers killed innocent civilians.
pittance [5pItEns] n. 配给的食物,施舍少量的钱,少量
a small portion,
amount, or allowance; also :a
meager wage or remuneration
pittance:money=??
施舍少量的钱:钱=??
pittance:allowance=rivulet:stream
少量供应:定量供应=小溪:溪流 （程度类比）
cornucopia<>lack/pittance
富饶<>缺乏/少量
pittance<>crop
少量<>特殊时间内巨大的收获 [注: crop: a batch or lot of something
produced during a particular cycle]
Sample:He could not live on the pittance he received as a
pension and had to look for an additional source of revenue.
placate [5pleIkeIt] vt.安抚；和解
to soothe
or mollify especially by concessions:APPEASE
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated
不可剥夺的:投降的=无法平息的:劝解平息了的 （反义关系）
irascible:placate=insensate:conscious
易怒的:安抚=没感觉:有意识的 （反义关系）
galling<>placating
使烦恼的<>平息的
placate<>peeve
抚慰<>(使)气恼
placate<>antagonize
使和解<>使成敌人
placate<>rile
安抚<>使焦急
placate<>foment
安抚<>刺激
placate<>surprise
安抚<>使吃惊
gall<>placate
使烦恼<>安抚
vex<>placate
使烦恼<>安抚
placate<>gall
使烦恼<>安抚
Synonyms: PACIFY, appease, assuage,
conciliate, mollify, propitiate, sweeten
Sample:The teacher tried to placate the angry mother.
placebo [plE5si:bEJ] n．安慰剂
an inert or
innocuous substance used especially in controlled experiments testing the
efficacy of another substance (as a drug)
placebo:innocuous=salve:unctuous
安慰剂:无害的，不刺激人的=药膏:油的 （事物及其正面特征）
placebo:painkiller=backdrop:vista
安慰剂（无药效）:止痛药 =背景幕布:背景 （事物及其特殊方式：假的）
placebo:innocuous=venom:toxious
安慰剂:无害的，不刺激人的=毒液:有毒的 (事物及其正面特征)
supplement:additional=placebo:innoxious
补充:附加的=安慰剂:无毒的（正面特征）
Sample:In a controlled experiment, fifty volunteers were
given erythromycin tablets; the control group received only placebos.
plagiarize [5pleIdVEraIz] vt.vi. 剽窃,抄袭
to steal and pass
off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own:use (another's production)
without crediting the source
plagiarism:ideas=forgery:documents
{ rustling:cattle }
剽窃:思想=伪造:文件 （动宾关系）【注：此题有争议】
Sample:The editor could tell that the writer had plagiarized
parts of the article; he could recognize whole paragraphs from the original
source.
plangent [5plAndVEnt] adj．如泣如诉的,悲哀的 轰鸣的
having a
loud reverberating sound
plangent<>muffled
轰鸣的<>压抑声音的
Synonyms: RESONANT, consonant, orotund,
resounding, ringing, rotund, round, sonorant, sonorous, vibrant
plantation [plB:n5teIF(E)n] n. 耕地,森林,殖民
a usually large
group of plants and especially trees under cultivation
plantation:tobacco=media:bacteria
种植园:烟草=培养基:细菌
（事物及其生长环境）
Sample:Although
Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the
slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was
infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.
plateau [plA5tEJ] n. 高地,高原 稳定
a region of little
or no change in a graphic representation
plateau:change=respite:activity
稳定:变革=暂缓:行动 （ 反义关系 ）
plateau:slope=？？
高地:斜坡=??
Sample:The economy kept improving, and then reached a
plateau.
platitude [5plAtItju:d] n. 单调,平凡,陈腐
a
banal, trite, or stale remark
equivocation:ambiguous=platitude:banal
含糊话:模糊=陈词滥调:陈腐 （事物及其正面特征）
postulate:presumptive=platitude:banal
推测:假定的=陈词滥调:陈腐的(行为及其正面特征)
Sample:The platitudes in his speech were applauded by the
vast majority in his audience; only a few people perceived how trite his
remarks were.
plaudit [5plC:dit] n.喝采
enthusiastic
expression of praise or approval
plaudit<>disapproving
喝彩<>不赞成
Synonyms：
APPLAUSE, acclaim, acclamation
Sample: The theatrical company reprinted the plauditory
comments of the critics in its advertisement.
plausible [5plC:zIb(E)l] adj. 似真实的,似合理的,说得煞有其事的
superficially fair,
reasonable, or valuable but often specious
rationalization:plausible=obfuscation:indiscernible {equivocation:definite}
推论:似是而非的=困惑:难以识别的 （事物及其正面特征）
Synonyms:
BELIEVABLE, colorable,
credible, creditable
Sample:The fact that a theory is plausible does not
necessarily ensure its scientific truth, which must be established by unbiased
controlled studies.
pleat [pli:t] n.褶, 褶状物
vt.使...打褶
FOLD;
especially :to arrange in pleats
perforate:hole=pleat:fold
打孔:孔=使...打褶:褶皱 (行为及其作用结果)
Sample:The pleats in her skirt need pressing.
plethora [5pleWErE] n. 过量，过剩
EXCESS,
SUPERFLUITY; also :PROFUSION,
ABUNDANCE
plethora<>dearth
过剩<>缺乏
plethora<>paucity
过剩<>缺乏
plethora<>scanty/shortage
过剩<>不足,缺乏
Synonyms: EXCESS, overabundance, overflow,
overkill, overmuch, overplus, superfluity, surfeit, surplus, surplusage
Sample:She offered a plethora of excuses for her
shortcomings.
pliable [5plaIEb(E)l] adj. 易曲折的,柔软的,易受影响的、温顺的
a. supple
enough to bend freely or repeatedly without breaking
b. Easily
influenced, persuaded, or swayed; tractable.
static:move=pliable:inflexible
静态的:移动的=容易弯曲的:不屈的
（反义关系）
pliable:influenced=censorious:condemn
易受影响的:影响=批判的:责备 (人物特征及其正面被动行为)
pliable:influence=testy:offend
柔软的:影响＝易怒的:冒犯（人物特征及其正面被动行为）
pertinacious<>pliable
执拗的<>易变的
pliable<>rigid
易曲折的<>硬的
pliable<>difficult
to crumble
易曲折的<>不易碎的
obdurate<>pliable
冷酷的<>温顺的
Synonyms: PLASTIC, adaptable, ductile, malleable, moldable, pliant, supple
Sample:In remodeling the bathroom, we replaced all the old, rigid lead pipes with new, pliable copper tubing.
pliant [planIt] adj．易受影响的,易弯的
easily
influenced:YIELDING
pliant:influence=ticklish:offend
易受影响的:影响 =容易触怒的:冒犯 （人物个性及其正面被动行为）
evanescent:disappear=pliant:yield
容易消失的:消失=易受影响的:屈从 (形容词与动词的同义关系)
pliant:indomitable=model:differentiated
顺从:不屈服的=典型:不同的 （反义关系）
pliant:flexibility=static:immobility
柔软的:弹性=固定的:不可移动（同义关系）
pliant<>mulish
易受影响的<>执拗的
pliant<>intransigence/intractable
易受影响的<>不妥协/倔强的
pliant<>incorrigible
易受影响的<>无法修正的
unbending<>plant
难弯曲<>柔软的
ossified<>make
pliant
骨化的<>变柔顺
pliant<>obdurate
易受影响的<>倔强的
Synonyms: PLASTIC, adaptable, ductile, malleable,
moldable, pliable, supple
Sample:Catherine's disposition was pliant; she was like
putty in her suitor's hands.
plight [plaIt] n. 境况,誓约,困境
to put or
give in pledge:ENGAGE
plight<>favorable
condition
困境<>有利的条件
Synonyms: PREDICAMENT, box, corner, dilemma,
fix, hole, jam, pickle, scrape, spot
Sample:His plight
is that he has no money.
plodding [`plCdIN] adj. 沉重缓慢的,单调乏味的
working laboriously
and monotonously:DRUDGE
meteoric<>plodding
疾速的<>沉重缓慢的
flit<>plod
迅速飞过<>缓慢移动
Synonyms: DULL, banausic, blah, dreary,
humdrum, monotone, monotonous, pedestrian, stodgy
Sample:Work in
that government department plods along.
plot [plRt] vi. 密谋,策划n. 小块土地,地区图,阴谋
a secret plan for
accomplishing a usually evil or unlawful end:INTRIGUE
cabal:association=plot:plan
阴谋集团:协会=阴谋:计划 （正常与非法）
joke:punch
line=plot:denouement
笑话:妙语=情节 ；结局 (事物及其关键点)
plot:plan=inveigle:interest
阴谋:计划=诱骗
:使有兴趣 （动词褒贬对照）
follow:shadow=scheme:plot
跟随:尾随=计划:密谋（正常与秘密）
taunt:provoke=plot:outwit
嘲弄:挑拨=密谋:以智取胜 (同义关系)
Sample:With the connivance of his friends, he
plotted to embarrass the teacher.
plot [plRt] n. 小块土地,地区图,情节,
the plan
or main story of a literary work
choreography:dance=plot:story
舞蹈术:舞蹈=故事情节:故事 （具有关联名词）
Sample:Though he tried to follow the plot of Gravity's
Rainbow, John found the novel too episodic.
pluck [plQk] n. 勇气，胆量在困难面前足智多谋的勇气和胆量；精力
courageous readiness
to fight or continue against odds:dogged resolution
pluck<>cowardice
勇气<>怯弱
pluckish<>coward
勇气<>胆小
pluck<>spineless
勇气<>没有勇气的
[注：词性不符]
pluck<>craven
勇敢<>懦弱
Synonyms: COURAGE, cojones, dauntlessness,
guts, heart, mettle, resolution, spirit, spunk
Sample:Even the adversaries of young Indiana Jones were
impressed by the boy's pluck in trying to rescue the archeological treasure
they had stolen.
pluck [plQk] n.猛拉,动物内脏,
弹奏
to
play by sounding the strings with the fingers or a pick
horn:blow=harp:pluck
喇叭:吹=竖琴:演奏 (器具及其作用方式)
plucky<>craven
勇敢<>懦弱
Sample:Robin Hood reached back and
plucked one last arrow from his quiver.
plumb [plQm] vt.铅锤测定是否垂直或深度
to
measure the depth of with a plumb
assess:value=plumb:depth
评估:价值
=测量:深度 (动宾关系)
measure:dimensions=calibrate:diameter=gauge:pressure=plumb:depth
丈量 :尺寸=校准:直径=测量:压力=测量:深度 （动宾关系）
plumb:depth=verify:accuracy
用铅锤测量:深度=校验:精确性 （动宾关系）
plumb<>examine
cursorily
探测<>粗略地的检查
Sample:The plumber fixed the leak in the pipes by soldering
a couple of joints from which water had been oozing.
plummet [5plQmIt] v. 垂直或突然地堕下
to drop
sharply and abruptly
fall/descend:plummet=move:dart
降落:垂直落下=移动:飞奔 （程度类比）
plummet:ascend=??
下落:上升=??
plummet<>rise
sharply
垂直下落的<>急剧上升的
Sample:Stock prices plummeted as Wall Street reacted to the
rise in interest rates.
plump [plQmp] adj.丰满的；鼓起的,直率的 vt.突然放下, 使丰满, 使鼓起
having a
full rounded usually pleasing form a plump woman
svelte<>plump
苗条的<>丰满的
Sample:You can
say that a woman is pleasingly plump, but it is not polite to call her chubby
or fat.
polarize [5pEJlEraIz] v.(使)极化，（使）两极分化
to
break up into opposing factions or groupings
polarize<>coalesce
（使）两极分化<>合并
polarize<>make compatible
（使）两极分化<>使一致
polarize<>unity
（使）两极分化<>联合
Sample:The abortion issue has polarized
the country into pro-choice and anti-abortion camps.
polemic [pE5lemIk] n. 争论，论战
the art
or practice of disputation or controversy
polemic:disputatious=invective:abusive
好争论的:好争辩的=漫骂的:辱骂的 （同义关系词）
polemical<>compromising
好争论的<>妥协的
Sample:Her essays were, for the main part, polemics for the
party's policy.
polished [`pClIFt] adj. 擦亮的,精练的,优美的
highly
developed, finished, or refined
PERFECT
rustic<>polished
土气的<>优美的
untutored<>polished
粗野的<>有教养的
gaucheness<>polish
粗鲁<>优雅
Sample:He polished the
convex lens of his telescope.
politic [5pRlItIk] adj. 精明的,圆滑的,慎重的,策略的
characterized by
shrewdness in managing, contriving, or dealing
politic:offend=aloof:associate
圆滑的:冒犯
=孤僻:交往 (缺乏
politic<>unsophisticated
精明的<>单纯的
politic<>injudicious
{officious}
慎重的<>欠思考的
{ 多管闲事的 }
Sample:His inauguration as President of the United States
marked the culmination of his political career.
pollster [5pEulstE] n. 民意测验家
one that
conducts a poll or compiles data obtained by a poll
exponent:advocate=pollster:canvass
说明者:提倡 =民意测验者:民意测验（人物与特征动作）【canvass:To
conduct a survey of (public opinion); poll.】
Sample:Pollsters
ask people questions and record their answers.
pompous [5pRmpEs] adj. 傲慢的,自大的,夸大的,豪华的
having or
exhibiting self-importance:ARROGANT
nonsensical:drivel=pompous:bombast
荒谬的:糊涂话
=华而不实:浮夸的言辞 （事物及其特征）
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
武断的说话:自负=嘲笑:嘲笑的=懒懒的说:慢吞吞=怒号:响亮=空谈:无目的 （行为及其正面特征）
pompous:bombast=exaggerated:hyperbole
浮夸的:夸大的言辞=夸大的:夸张法 （事物及其正面特征）
Sample:Instead of writing that Gorbachev had a birthmark on
his forehead, the pompous young poet sang of the former premier's maculated
brow.
ponderable [5pCndErEbl] adj. 有价值的，有重量的
significant
enough to be worth considering:APPRECIABLE
ponderable<>inappreciable
有价值的<>微不足道的
Sample:I can evaluate the data gathered in this study; the
imponderable items are not so easily analyzed.
ponderous [5pRndErEs] adj. 笨重的，笨拙的
of very
great weight
ponderous<>ethereal/gossamer/lively
轻飘飘的
slight<>ponderous
轻微的<>笨重的
ponderous<>lively/vibrant/briskly
笨重的
<> 轻飘飘的
Synonyms: HEAVY, cumbersome, cumbrous,
hefty, massive, eighty
Sample:His humor lacked the light touch; his jokes were
always ponderous.
pontificate [pRn5tIfIkEt] v. 自大武断地做，装模作样的说话
to speak
or express opinions in a pompous or dogmatic way
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
武断:自负的=嘲笑:嘲笑的=拖拉:慢的=咆哮:大声的=闲聊:无目的 (同义关系)
pontificate:speak=strut:walk
装摸做样的说:说话=大摇大摆的走:走 (程度类比)
pontificate:speak=swagger:walk
装摸做样的说:说 =大摇大摆的走:走 (程度类比)
pontificate<>comment
tentatively
装模作样的说<>试探性的评论，注释
pontificate<>speak diffidently
傲慢的说<>缺乏自信地说
Sample:Our boss
pontificates about company rules at our meetings.
porcelain [5pC:slIn] n.瓷，瓷器
a hard,
fine-grained, sonorous, nonporous, and usually translucent and white ceramic
ware that consists essentially of kaolin, quartz, and feldspar and is fired at
high temperatures
clay:porcelain=flax:linen
粘土:瓷器=亚麻:亚麻布
（事物及其原料构成）
glaze:porcelain=varnish:wood
釉:瓷器=表面清漆:木材 （事物及其表面装饰物质）
glaze:porcelain=veneer:furniture
釉:瓷器=饰面:家具 （事物及其表面装饰物质）
Sample:Porcelain
was invented by the Chinese in the 8th century A.D.
pore [pC:(r)] n.毛孔，气孔，细孔 vi.熟读, 凝视, 细想, 沉思
a minute opening
especially in an animal or plant;
especially :one by which matter passes through a membrane
pore:membrane
=door:room
孔:隔膜=门:房间 （事物及其入口）
Sample:Determined to become a physician, Beth spends hours
poring over her anatomy text.
porous adj.
可渗透的，多孔的
capable
of being penetrated
fragile:break=porous:penetrate
易碎的:打破=多孔的:穿透 （事物特征及其正面被动行为）
porous<>impenetrable
可渗透的<>无法穿透的
Sample:Dancers like to wear porous clothing because it
allows the ready passage of water and air.
portentous [pR:`tentE] adj. 前兆的,不吉的,自大的,奇怪的
eliciting
amazement or wonder:PRODIGIOUS
portentous:amaze=??
奇怪的:使吃惊=??
portentous<>regular
奇怪的<>规则的
Sample:he riot was a portent of the revolution to come.
portrait [5pC:trIt] n.肖像,人像,半身像,人物描写
PICTURE; especially :a pictorial representation
(as a painting) of a person usually showing the face
portrait:painting=jazz:music
肖像画:油画=爵士乐:音乐 （种属关系）
portrait:person
=seascape:ocean
肖像:人=海景:海
(事物及其描述对象)
portrait:painting=biography:history
肖像画:油画=自传:历史
（种属关系）
list:bibliography=painting:portrait
目录:书目=画:肖象画（种属关系）
Sample:The artist has captured the sadness of childhood in
his portrait of the boy with the rueful countenance.
poseur [pEJ5z\:(r)] n. 装模作样的人
a person who
pretends to be what he or she is not:an affected or insincere person
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
装摸做样的人:真诚=隐居者:群居 (缺乏关系)
poser:sincere=recluse:gregarious
装摸做样的人:真诚的=隐居者:社交 (缺乏关系)
stickler:derelict=poseur:unaffected
坚持己见的人: 玩忽职守的=装模做样的人:自然的（人物及其反面特征）
poseur<>sincere
person
装模作样的人<>真诚的人
Sample:Some thought Dali
was a brillant painter; others dismissed
him as a poseur.
posit [5pRzIt] v．假定,认为
to assume
or affirm the existence of:POSTULATE
posit<>deny
as false
认为<>否认
posterity [pR5sterItI] n.后代，子孙, 后裔
the offspring of one
progenitor to the furthest generation
Synonyms: OFFSPRING, brood, children,
descendants, issue, progeniture, progeny, scions, seed
Sample:We hope to leave a better world to posterity.
postscript
[5pEJstskrIpt] n. 附言，后记
a note or series of notes appended to a
completed letter, article, or book
addendum:document=postscript:letter
附录:文件＝附言:信件（事物及其附件）
Sample:She added a postscript (or) a
P.S. at the bottom of her letter.
postulate [5pRstjJlEt] v．要求, 假定
to assume or claim as true, existent, or
necessary:depend upon or start from the postulate of
postulate:presumptive=platitude:banal
推测:假定的=陈词滥调:陈腐的(行为及其正面特征)
postulate<>deny as false
假设是真的<>否认为假的
Synonyms: ASSUME, presuppose, posit, premise, presume
Sample:We must accept these statements as
postulates before pursuing our discussions any further.
posture [5pRstFE(r)] vi. 作姿势
to assume an artificial or
pretended attitude:ATTITUDINIZE
posturer:unaffected=bigot:tolerant
装腔作势的人:不做作的=不容异己的人:容忍的 (人和其性格反义关系)
posture<>behave naturally
作姿势<>自然的举止
Synonyms: attitudinize, masquerade, pass (as or for), pass off
Sample:No matter how much Arnold boasted or
postured, I could not believe he was as important as he pretended to be.
potable [5pEJtEb(E)l] adj. 适于饮用的
suitable for drinking
potable:beverage=habitable:dwelling
适于饮用的:饮料=可以居住的:住处 (同义关系)
water:potable= meat:edible
水:可以饮用的= 食物:可以吃的 （事物及其特征）
Synonyms:
drinkable
Sample:The recent drought in the Middle
Atlantic States has emphasized the need for extensive research in ways of
making sea water potable.
potboiler [5pRtbCIlE(r)] n.为混饭吃而粗制滥造的文艺作品, 粗制作品作家(或画家)
a literary or artistic work of poor
quality, produced quickly for profit
doggerel:verse=potboiler:article
歪诗:诗=粗制的作品:艺术品 （种属关系）
potentate [5pEJtEnteIt] n. 有权的人,有势力的人,统治者
RULER, SOVEREIGN; broadly:one who
wields great power or sway
virtuoso:skill=potentate:power
艺术名家:技艺=当权者:权力 (人及其必然拥有特点)
potentate<>subject
统治者<>臣服者
potentate<>powerless person
当权者<>无势力的人
Synonyms:
monarch, ruler,
sovereign
Sample:The potentate spent more time at
Monte Carlo than he did at home on his throne.
pot [pRt] n. 捕鱼篓捕捉鳗鱼、其他鱼类或甲壳类动物用的捕具
an enclosed
framework of wire, wood, or wicker for catching fish or lobsters
lobster:pot=??
龙虾:捕虾笼=??
potentiate [pEJ`tenFIeIt] vt. 赋与力量,加强
to make effective or active or more effective
or more active; also:to augment the activity of (as a drug)
synergistically
deactivate<>potentiate
使无效<>赋予力量
pout [paJt] vt. vi. 撅嘴,绷脸
to show displeasure by thrusting out the lips
or wearing a sullen expression
wince:pain=smile:pleasure=pout:displeasure=sneer:contempt
退缩:疼痛=微笑:愉快=撅嘴:不悦=冷笑:蔑视 (动作体现情感)
pout<>grin
绷脸<>露齿笑
Synonyms: SULK, grump, mump, pet
Sample:When the child could not have any candy, she pouted.
prairie [5preErI] n. 大草原,牧场
a large area of level or rolling land in the
Mississippi valley that in its natural uncultivated state usually has deep
fertile soil, a cover of tall coarse grasses, and few trees
albino:pigment=prairie:tree
白化病:色素=大草原:树 (缺乏关系)
prate
[preIt] vi. 闲聊,空谈,唠唠叨叨的讲
to talk long and idly:CHATTER
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
武断:自负的=嘲笑:嘲笑的=拖拉:慢的=咆哮:大声的=闲聊:无目的(人物行为及其正面特征)
prate:speak=saunter:walk
闲聊:说话=闲逛:行走(动作的闲和正常)
Synonyms: CHAT, babble, chatter, clack, gabble, prattle, BOAST, blow, brag, crow, puff, vaunt, BABBLE, blabber, blather, drivel, drool, gabble,
prattle, twaddle
Sample:Let us not prate about our qualities; rather,
let our virtues speak for themselves.
preach [pri:tF] vt.vi. 传道,讲道,鼓吹,宣讲,说教
to deliver a sermon
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil
吹毛求疵者:挑剔=传教士:布道=吹毛求疵者:挑剔(人物及其特征行为)
preacher:sermon=orator:address
传教士:布道=演讲者:演讲（人物极其正面特征）
Synonyms: evangelize, sermonize, MORALIZE, preachify,
sermonize
Sample:The minister preached the word of God to
the people in the church.
precarious [prI5keErIEs] adj.不稳定的
characterized by a lack of security or stability
that threatens with danger
precarious:stability=spent:efficacy
不稳定的:稳定=失去效能的:功效 (反义关系)
impervious:?=precarious:stable
不会受到损害的:?=不稳定的:稳定的 （反义关系）
immutable:vary=precaries:stabilize
不变的:改变=不稳定的:稳定（反义关系）
precarious<>secure/stable
不稳定的<>可靠的/稳定的
precarious<>safe
不稳定的<>安全的
Synonyms: DOUBTFUL, ambiguous, borderline, dubious, equivocal, impugnable,
indecisive, uncertain
Sample:I think this stock is a precarious
investment and advise against its purchase.
precedent [5presIdEnt] adj.在先的，先前的 n. 先例,前例
prior in time, order, arrangement,
or significance
preempt:precedence=acquire:possession
取得优先权:优先=占有:占有 (动作及其目的)
unexceptionable:oppose=unique:precedent
无懈可击的:攻击=无先例的:先例 (事物特征及其反面被动行为)
unique:precedent=infinite:end
无先例的:先例=无穷的:穷尽 (反义关系)
turncoat:constancy=simpleton:precedent
变节者:忠诚=笨蛋:典范
(反义关系)
Synonyms: PRECEDING, antecedent, anterior, foregoing,
former, past, previous, prior
Sample:In failing to see
that the justice's pronouncement merely qualified previous decisions rather
than actually establishing a precedent, the novice law clerk overemphasized the
scope of the justice's judgment.
precipice [5presIpIs] n. 悬崖
a very steep or overhanging place;
dangerous position:CLIFF
precipice:steepness=defile:narrowness
悬崖:陡峭=隘路:狭窄 (正面特征)
precipitous<>level
陡峭的<>平坦的
Sample:Suddenly Indiana Jones found
himself dangling from the edge of a precipice.
precipitate [prI5sIpItEt] v. 加速，促成，使沉淀adj. 匆忙的，鲁莽的
to bring about especially
abruptly
precipitate<>retard/dilatory
加速/匆忙的<>减速/不慌不忙的
Synonyms: ABRUPT, headlong, impetuous, sudden
Sample:The new biological
psychiatry does not deny the contributing role of psychological factors in
mental illnesses, but posits that these factors may act as a catalyst on
existing physiological conditions and precipitate such illnesses.
precipitation [prIsIpI5teIF(E)n] n．急躁,降雨(量)
something precipitated:as a deposit on the
earth of hail, mist, rain, sleet, or snow
snow:precipitation=hurricane:cyclone
雪:降水=飓风:气旋
(种属关系)
Synonyms: HASTE , hastiness, hurriedness, precipitancy,
rush
Sample:The hydrologic cycle，a
major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which
water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid
form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally
again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation
and transpiration.
precipitous [prI5sIpItEs] adj. 仓促的，陡峭的
very steep, perpendicular, or
overhanging in rise or fall
precipitous<>gradually sloping
陡峭的<>逐渐倾斜
precipitous<>slope
slowly
陡峭的<>慢慢倾斜
Synonyms: PRECIPITATE, abrupt, hasty, headlong, hurried,
impetuous, precipitant, rushing, sudden
Sample:This hill is difficult to climb
because it is so precipitous; one slip, and our descent will be precipitous as
well.
preclude [prI5klu:d] v. 预防预先采取行动以取消可能性；阻止
To make impossible, as by action
taken in advance; prevent
preclude<>to
make possible
阻止<>使可能
preclude<>enclose
排除<>装入
Sample:This contract does not preclude my being employed by others at the same time that I am working for you.
precursor [pri:5k\:sE(r)] n. 先驱者,前导,先进者
one that precedes and indicates the
approach of another
precursory<>derivative
先驱的<>衍生而来的
precursor<>sequela
先驱<>后继者
Synonyms: ANCESTOR, antecedent, antecessor, foregoer,
predecessor, prototype
Sample:Though Gray and Burns share many
traits with the Romantic poets who followed them, most critics consider them
precursors of the Romantic Movement, not true Romantics.
predecessor [5predEsesEr] n. 前任,先辈,以前的东西
one that precedes; especially:a person who has
previously occupied a position or office to which another has succeeded
legacy:predecessor=gift:donor
遗产:先辈=赠品:捐赠人
（物品及物主关系）
legacy:predecessor=endowment:patron
遗产:前辈=捐赠:捐赠者（物品及物主关系）
Synonyms: FORERUNNER, ancestor, antecedent, antecessor,
foregoer, precursor
Sample:Science advances in a widening
spiral in that each new conceptual scheme embraces that phenomena explained by
its predecessors and adds to those explanations.
preeminent [pri:5emInEnt] adj. 优秀的,超群的,卓越的
having paramount rank, dignity, or
importance:OUTSTANDING
preeminence:importance=preponderance:weight
卓越:重要性=优势:分量 (后者为前者具有的特征)
efface<>bring
to preeminent
抹去<>使卓越
preeminent<>negligibility
卓越的<>可忽略，不重要
Synonyms: SUPREME, incomparable, surpassing, towering,
transcendent, ultimate, unequalable, unmatchable, unsurpassable
Sample:The king traveled to Boston because
he wanted the preeminent surgeon in the field to perform the operation.
preempt [pri:5empt] v. 以先买权取得，取代
to replace with something considered to be of
greater value or priority:take precedence over
preempt:precedence=acquire:possession
取得优先权:优先权=占有:占有物
(动宾关系)
Synonyms: APPROPRIATE, accroach, annex, arrogate,
commandeer, confiscate, expropriate, seize, sequester, take
Sample:Hoping to preempt
any attempts by the opposition to make educational reform a hot political
issue, the candidate set out her own plan to revitalize the public schools.
preen
[pri:n] v. 整理羽毛，(人)打扮修饰
to dress or smooth (oneself)
up:PRIMP
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
坦率的:掩饰=俗艳的:打扮=客气的:不敬 (反义关系)
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
守财奴:积聚=花花公子:打扮=马屁精:奉承=评论家:见解 (人及其喜欢的动作)
preen<>ruffle
打扮<>弄皱
Synonyms: PRIDE, plume, pique
Sample:As Kitty preened
before the mirror, carefully smoothing her shining hair, she couldn't help
preening herself on her good looks.
preface [5prefEs] n. 序文,绪言,前言
the introductory remarks of a
speaker or author
overture:symphony=preface:book
序曲:交响乐=前言:书 （事物及其开始部分）
preface<>epilogue
前言<>尾声
prefatory<>conclusive
前言的<>结尾的
Synonyms: INTRODUCTION, exordium, foreword, overture,
preamble, prelude, prelusion, prologue
Sample:In their preface, the collection's editors plead that
certain of the important articles they omitted were published too recently for
inclusion, but in the case of many such articles, this excuse is not valid.
pregnant [5pre^nEnt] adj. 怀孕的,充满的,含蓄的
abounding in fancy,
wit, or resourcefulness:INVENTIVE
inane<>expressive/meaningful/pregnant/significant/weighty
空洞/空虚<>富于表情的/意味深长的/充满的/有意义的/有影响力的
Synonyms: childing, enceinte, expectant, expecting,
gravid, parous, parturient
prejudice [5predVJdIs] n.偏见, 成见, 损害, 侵害 v.损害
an adverse judgment
or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts.
tendentious<>unbiased/unprejudiced
有倾向的<>公平的/没有偏见的
Synonyms: bias, one-sidedness, partiality
Sample:The
author argues for serious treatment of such arts as crochet and needlework,
finding in too many art historians a cultural blindness traceable to their
prejudice against textiles as a medium in which women artists pre-dominate.
preliminary [prI5lImInErI] adj. 初步的,开始的,预备的
coming before and usually forming a necessary
prelude to something else
Synonyms: inductive, introductory, prefatory,
preparative, preparatory
Sample:The isotopic composition of lead
often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations
exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate virtually
uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.
premeditated [9pri:`medIteItId] adj. 预先想过的,预谋的,有计划的
characterized by fully conscious willful
intent and a measure of forethought and planning
offhand<>premeditated
即兴的<>预谋的
spontaneous<>premeditated
自发的<>预谋的
Synonyms: forethought, precogitated,
predetermine
Sample:She had premeditated
the murder for months, reading about common poisons and buying weed killer that
contained arsenic.
preponderant [prI5pRndErEnt] adj. 以重胜的,优势的,压倒性的
having superior weight, force, or
influence
preeminence:importance=preponderance:weight
卓越:重要性=优势:分量 (前者具有后者)
preponderant<>commensurate
优势的<>相称的
preponderate<>secondary
重要的<>次要的
preponderant<>subsidiary
重要的<>补充的
Synonyms: DOMINANT, ascendant, overbearing, paramount,
predominant, predominate, prevalent, regnant, master, sovereign
Sample:A preponderance of the evidence is against the defendant.
prepossessing [pri:pE5zesIN] adj. 讨人欢喜的,有魅力的,给人好感的
tending to create a favorable
impression:ATTRACTIVE
unprepossessing<>entrancing/winsome
不吸引人的<>使人入神的/迷人的
Synonyms: ATTRACTIVE, alluring, appealing, attracting, captivating, charming,
drawing, enchanting, engaging, mesmeric
Sample:During adolescence
many attractive young people somehow acquire the false notion that their
appearance is unprepossessing.
preposterous [prI5pRstErEs] adj. 荒谬的，可笑的
contrary to nature, reason, or
common sense:ABSURD
preposterous<>commonsensical
荒谬的<>常识的
Synonyms: FOOLISH , absurd, crazy, harebrained, insane,
loony, silly, wacky
Sample:When the candidate tried to
downplay his youthful experiments with marijuana by saying he hadn't inhaled,
we all thought, "What a preposterous excuse!"
presage [5presIdV] vt. 成为...的前兆,预示,预言
FORETELL, PREDICT
harbinger:presage=archetype:exemplify
预兆:预示=原型:示例
(作用关系)
Synonyms: AUGUR, betoken, bode, forebode, foreshadow,
foreshow, foretoken, omen, promise
Sample:The vultures flying overhead
presaged the discovery of the corpse in the desert.
prescience [`presIEns] n.预知, 先见
foreknowledge of events:a:divine
omniscience b:human anticipation
of the course of events:FORESIGHT
dexterous:manipulate=prescient:predict
{clairvoyant:oversee}
灵巧的:熟练的操作=预见性的:预言 {有洞察力的:监视} (行为及其正面特征)
myopia<>prescience
短见的<>预计
Sample:Crosby's colleagues
have never learned, at least not in time to avoid embarrassing themselves, that
her occasional bogus air of befuddlement presages a display of her formidable
intelligence.
prescription [prI5skrIpF(E)n] n. 处方,命令,指示
a written direction for a therapeutic or
corrective agent; specifically:one for the preparation and use of a
medicine
overdose:prescription=indiscretion:convention
用药过量:处方=不守规矩:规矩
(违反关系)
Synonyms: LAW , decree, decretum, edict, institute,
ordinance, precept, prescript, regulation, rule
Sample:The patient took the prescription
given him by his oculist to the optician.
presentiment [prI5zentImEnt] n. 预感,预觉
a feeling that something will or is about to
happen:PREMONITION
Synonyms: APPREHENSION, apprehensiveness, foreboding,
misgiving, premonition, prenotion, presage
Sample:Hamlet felt a
presentiment about his meeting with Laertes.
preservative [prI5z\:vEtIv] n. 预防法,预防药,防腐剂
something that preserves or has the power of
preserving; specifically:an additive used to protect against decay,
discoloration, or spoilage
censorship:communication=preservative:decay
审查:信息=防腐剂:腐烂
(防止关系)
preservative:decay=anchor:drifting
防腐剂:腐烂=锚:飘流 (防止关系)
seal:leakage=preservative:decay
密封:泄漏=防腐剂:腐烂 （事物及其防治对象）
preservative:spoilage＝lubricate:friction
防腐剂:损坏=润滑剂:摩擦(防止关系)
Sample:Because of the excellent preservation of the fossil,
anatomical details of early horseshoe crabs were clarified for the first time,
enabling experts to reassess the evolution of the horseshoe crab.
prestige [pre5sti:V] n.声望, 威望, 威信
standing or
estimation in the eyes of people:weight or credit in general opinion
eclipse:prestige=enervate/enfeeble:vigor
使名声缺落:声望=削弱/使衰弱:精力（动作及其对象）
abase:prestige=damp:ardor
降低地位:特权=抑制:热情 (动宾关系)
Sample:The wealthy man sought to obtain social prestige by contributing to popular charities.