list 20 palatial --- petition

list 20 palatial --- petition

palatial [pE5leIF(E)l] adj．宫殿般的，宏伟的

of, relating to, or being a palace

hovel:palatial=city:bucolic

小屋:宏伟的=城市:田园生活的（事物及其反面特征）

palatial:hovel=bucolic:city

宏伟的:小屋=乡村的:城市（事物及其反面特征）

palatial:hovel=bucolic:metropolis

宏伟的:小屋=乡村的:大都市（事物及其反面特征）

Synonyms: LUXURIOUS, Capuan, deluxe, luscious, lush, luxuriant, opulent, plush, sumptuous, upholstered

Sample:He proudly showed us through his palatial home.

palette [5pAlIt] n. 调色板,颜料

a particular range, quality, or use of color

palette:color=repertoire:play

调色板:颜色=节目单:节目（列表与个体关系）

Sample:At the present time, art supply stores are selling a paper palette that may be discarded after use.

pall [pC:l] v. 覆盖，使平淡无味

to lose in interest or attraction

pall<>interest/intrigue

使无味<>激发兴趣

Synonyms: BORE, ennui, tire, weary

Sample:The study of word lists can eventually pall and put one to sleep.

palliate [5pAlIeIt] v. 减轻（痛苦），掩饰（罪行）

to reduce the violence of (a disease)

pain:analgesic=symptom:palliative

疼痛:止痛的=症状:缓和的（名词与形容词，消除关系）

palliate:anger=enfeeble:vigor

减轻:愤怒=使衰弱:精力（动宾关系）

caustic<>palliating/genial

讥刺的<>缓和的/和蔼的

palliate<>exacerbate

使缓和<>使加剧

palliate<>worsen

减轻<>恶化

palliate<>increase intensity

减缓<>增加强度

Synonyms: blanch (over), extenuate, gloss (over), gloze (over), prettify, sugarcoat, varnish, veneer, white, whiten, whitewash

Sample:If we cannot cure this disease at present, we can, at least try to palliate the symptoms.

pallid [5pAlId] adj.苍白的, 暗淡的

Having an abnormally pale or wan complexion

rubicund<>pallid

红润的<>苍白的

piquant <>pallid

兴奋的<>无生气

Synonyms: PALE, ashen, ashy, blanched, colorless, complexionless, doughy, lurid, wan, waxen

Sample:Her complexion was pallid when she was ill.

palmy [`pB:lmI] adj. 棕榈的,多棕榈的,繁荣的

marked by prosperity

palmy:prosperity=draconian:severity

繁荣的:繁荣=严峻的:严重（形容词与名词同义关系）

Synonyms: FLOURISHING, prosperous

Sample:Because his occupation required that he work at night and sleep during the day, he had an exceptionally pallid complexion.

palpable [5pAlpEb(E)l] adj. 明显的，易觉察的

easily perceived by the senses; audible, recognizable, perceptible, noticeable, etc.

explicate<>palpable

隐晦的<>明显的

palpable<>subtle

明显的<>微妙的

impalpable<>clear

不易察觉的<>清晰的

Synonyms: PERCEPTIBLE, appreciable, detectable, discernible, observable, sensible, tangible

Sample:I cannot understand how you could overlook such a palpable blunder.

palter [`pR:ltE(r)] vi. 含糊其词,马虎处理,讨价还价,敷衍了事

to act insincerely or deceitfully

palter:candor=diehard:budge

含糊其词:诚挚=顽固:移动（行为及其反面特征）

palter<>candor

含糊其词<>坦率

Synonyms: LIE, equivocate, falsify, fib, prevaricate

paltry [5pC:ltrI] adj.无价值的,微不足道的

practically worthless; trifling; insignificant; contemptible; petty

paltry:covet=despicable:admire

无价值的:觊觎=卑劣的:钦佩（事物特征及其反面被动动作）

paltry:significance=??

微不足道的:重要=??

paltry<>significant/important

微不足道的<>意义非凡的/重要的

Synonyms: PETTY , measly, Mickey Mouse, picayune, picayunish, piddling, puny, trifling, trivial, unconsequential

Sample:This is a paltry sum to pay for such a masterpiece.

pan [pAn] vt. 【口语】严厉批评

to criticize unfavorably, as in reviewing

barb:caustic=pan:harsh

岢评:严厉的=严厉批评:严厉的（动词与形容词同义关系）

rave<>pan

热烈地谈论<>严厉批评

eulogize<>pan

称赞<>批评

Sample:Hoping for a rave review of his new show, the playwright was miserable when the critics panned it unanimously.

panache [pE5nAF] n. 羽饰,夸示,假威风,炫耀

dash or flamboyance in style and action

panache<>humility

炫耀<>谦逊

panache <>dullness

夸耀<>平凡的举止

panache<>unremarkable behavior

夸耀<>平凡的举止

Synonyms: catholicon, cure-all, elixir, nostrum

Sample:Many performers imitate Noel Coward, but few have his panache and sense of style.

pandemonium [pAndI5mEJnIEm] n.混战场,喧哗吵闹,喧嚣,大混乱,大吵大闹

Wild uproar or noise

pandemonium<>serene

喧嚣<>宁静

Synonyms: DIN, babel, clamor, hubbub, hullabaloo, jangle, racket, tintamarre, tumult, uproar

Sample:When the ships collided in the harbor, pandemonium broke out among the passengers.

pander [5pAndE(r)] v.迎合

to act as a pander; especially:to provide gratification for others' desires

Synonyms: PIMP, bully, fancy man, macquereau

Sample:The reviewer accused the makers of Lethal Weapon of pandering to the masses' taste of violence.

panegyric [pAnI5dVIrIk] n. 赞扬,夸大的颂词,推崇备至

a eulogistic oration or writing; also:formal or elaborate praise

panegyric:eulogize=lampoon:satirize

颂扬之辞:赞颂=讽刺文章:笔讽（行为及其表达的含义）

panegyric:praise=valediction:farewell

颂词:赞扬=临别致词:告别（行为及其表达的含义）

panegyric:praise=aspersion:discredit

赞扬:表扬=诽谤:使丧失信誉（行为及其目的）

panegyric<>anathema

颂词<>诅咒

panegyric<>denunciation

赞扬<>谴责

panegyric<>condemnation

赞扬<>谴责

Synonyms: ENCOMIUM, citation, eulogy, salutation, tribute

Sample:The modest hero blushed to hear the speakers delivering panegyrics about his valorous act.

panoramic [9pAnE`rAmIk] n. 全景的,全貌,概论的

an unobstructed or complete view of an area in every direction

panoramic<>narrow

全景的<>狭窄的

Synonyms: spectacle, prospect

Sample:On a clear day, from the top of the World Trade Center you can get a panoramic view of New York City and neighboring stretches of New Jersey and Long Island.

pantechnicon n. 家具仓库,家具搬运车

a furniture van

pantechnicon:furniture=??

家具仓库/家具搬运车:家具=?? （容器/运输工具与物品）

pantry [5pAntrI] n.食品柜，餐具室

a room (as in a hotel or hospital) for preparation of foods on order

pantry:food=armory:weapons

餐具室:食物=军械库:武器（存储地方与物品）

pantry:food=closet (wardrobe):clothes

食品柜:食物=壁橱（衣柜）:衣服（容器与物品）

Synonyms: LARDER, buttery

Sample:Looking in the pantry, we admired the plenitude of fruits and pickles we had preserved during the summer.

parable [5pArEb(E)l] n. 寓言，比喻

EXAMPLE; specifically:a usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle

parable:story=homily:lecture

寓言:故事=训诫:教训（个体与团体）

Synonyms: ALLEGORY, apologue, fable, myth

Sample:Let us apply to our own conduct the lesson that this parable teaches.

paradigm [5pArEdaIm] n. 典范; 范例; 示例

EXAMPLE, PATTERN; especially :an outstandingly clear or typical example or archetype

paragon/paradigm:imitate=reverence:regard

模范:效仿=尊敬:尊重（人物特征及其正面被动行为）

corrective:amends=paradigm:exemplify

校正物:赔偿=范例:例证（事物及其作用）

Synonyms: MODEL, archetype, beau ideal, ensample, example, exemplar, ideal, mirror, pattern, standard

Sample:Pavlov's experiment in which he trains a dog to salivate on hearing a bell is a paradigm of the conditioned-response experiment in behavioal psychology.

paradise [5pArEdaIs] n.天堂 , 极乐，致福,一种愉悦的状态

a place or state of bliss, felicity, or delight

pleasurable:paradisical=melodious:lyrical

愉悦的:极乐=曲调优美的:抒情诗调的 ( 同义关系)

Synonyms: UTOPIA, arcadia, Cockaigne, fairyland, heaven, lubberland, promised land, wonderland

Sample:Parts of California seem like paradise to me.

paradox [5pArEdRks] n. 似非而是的论点,自相矛盾的话

a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true

apophasis:claim=oxymoron:paradox

阳否阴述:表述=矛盾修饰法:矛盾的话（特殊与一般，另:apophasis，修辞法，表面上不想说，而实际上已经说出或暗示出）

paradox:contradictory=epigram:wise

矛盾论点:对立的=警句:明智的（事物及其正面特征）

paradoxical<>common

荒谬的<>普通的

Sample: The paradox of her career was her achievement of her greatest intellectual authority at the very moment when she was bereft of a compelling subject.

paragon [5pArEgRn] n. 模范，典型

a model of excellence or perfection

paragon:admire=pariah:contempt

典范:尊重=贱民:轻蔑（事物及对其态度）

corrected:amend=paragon:exemplary

改正:改正=典范:示例 (同义关系) 【注:词性不符】

paragon/paradigm:imitate=reverence:regard

模范:效仿=尊敬:尊重（人物特征及其正面被动行为）

hoax:fraudulent=paragon:excellent

愚弄:欺骗的=模范:优秀的（事物及其正面特征）

paragon:admirable=miscreant:despicable

模范:令人尊敬的=有罪的人:令人鄙视的 (正面特征)

travesty<>paragon

拙劣模仿<>典范

Synonyms: ideal, jewel, nonesuch, nonpareil, phoenix

Sample: The class disliked him because the teacher was always pointing him out as a paragon of virtue.

parallel [5pArElel] adj. 平行的,相似的

extending in the same direction, everywhere equidistant, and not meeting

Synonyms: LIKE, agnate, akin, alike, analogous, comparable, consonant, corresponding, similar, uniform

Sample:Foucault's rejection of the concept of continuity in Western thought, though radical, was not unique; he had counterparts in the United States who, without knowledge of his work, developed parallel ideas.

paramount [5pArEmaJnt] adj. 最重要的，最高权力的

superior to all others

painful:agonizing=important:paramount

痛苦的:苦痛难耐的=重要的:最重要的（程度类比）

ancillary<>paramount

辅助的，次要的<>最主要的

paramount<>lowliest

极为重要的<>最轻微的

Synonyms: DOMINANT, ascendant, master, overbearing, predominant, predominate, preponderant, prevalent, regnant, sovereign

Sample:Proper nutrition and hygiene are of paramount importance in adolescent development and growth.

paranoia [pArE5nCIE] n. 偏执狂

a tendency on the part of an individual or group toward excessive or irrational suspiciousness and distrustfulness of others

enthusiasm:mania=suspicion:paranoia

热情:狂热=怀疑:偏执狂（程度类比）

Sample:Suffering from paranois, he claimed everyone was out to get him; ironically, his claim was accurate; even paranoids have enemies.

paraphrase [5pArEfreIz] vt. 释义 ,传译, 以意译重述

to make a restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form

paraphrase:verbatim=approximate:precise

传译:照字面理解的=近似:精确的（反义关系）

Synonyms: rephrase, restate, reword, translate (into)

Sample:In 250 words or less, paraphrase this article.

parch [pB:tF] vi. 烤干,焦干

to dry or shrivel with cold

steep<>parch

浸泡<>烤干

Sample:The parched desert landscape seemed hostile to life.

pariah n. 贱民，被社会遗弃者

a member of a low caste of southern India

paragon:admire=pariah:contempt

模范:尊重=贱民:鄙视（对象与对其态度）

pariah:ostracize=prisoner:confine {traitor:execute}

贱民:排斥=囚犯:囚禁 {叛徒:处死} （对象与对其特征动作）

Synonyms: OUTCAST, castaway, derelict, Ishmael, Ishmaelite, leper, offscouring, untouchable

Sample:I am not a pariah to be shunned and ostracized.

parity [5pArItI] n. 同等,同格,同位,平价

the quality or state of being equal or equivalent

parity:equal=symbiosis:interdependent

相称:相等的=共生:互相依靠的（同义关系）

parity<>inequality

平等<>不公平

parity<>incommensurateness

平等<>不平衡

Synonyms: EQUIVALENCE, adequation, equality, equatability, equivalency, par, sameness

Sample:I find your analogy inaccurate because I do not see the parity between the two illustrations.

parlance [5pB:lEns] n. 说法,语法,语调

manner or mode of speech

gait:walk=parlance:speak

步法:行走=说法:说（动作与其方式）

Synonyms: WORDING, diction, phrase, phraseology, phrasing, verbalism, verbiage, wordage

Sample:All this legal parlance confuses me; I need an interpreter.

parochial [pE5rEJkIEl] vadj. 教区的,地方性的,狭小的

restricted to a small area or scope; narrow; limited; provincial

Synonyms: INSULAR, local, provincial, sectarian, small-town

Sample:Although Jane Austen writes novels set in small rural communities, her concerns are universal, not parochial.

parody [5pArEdI] n．嘲弄文章，拙劣的模仿

a literary or musical work in which the style of an author or work is closely imitated for comic effect or in ridicule; a poor or weak imitation

parody:style=mime:gesture

拙劣的模仿:样式=哑剧:手势（事物及其特殊化方式）

ode:poetry=spoof:parody

颂诗:诗=轻浮地讽刺模仿品:模仿滑稽作品（种属关系）

nicety:distinction=spoof:parody

细微差别:差别=轻浮得改编:拙劣得模仿（种属）【注:spoof:A gentle satirical imitation; a light parody.】

Synonyms: MIMIC, ape, burlesque, imitate, mock, take off, travesty

Sample:We enjoyed the clever parodies of popular songs that the chorus sang.

paroxysm [5pArEksizEm] n.发作, 突发

a sudden violent emotion or action : OUTBURST

paroxysm:sudden=ruse:deceived

突发:突然的=诡计:欺骗的（事物及其正面特征）

Sample: When he heared of his son's misdeeds, he was seized by a paroxysm of rage.

parquetry [5pB:kItrI] n. 镶木地板艺术或图案

inlaid woodwork in geometric forms, usually of contrasting woods, used esp. in flooring

fresco:wall=parquetry:floor

壁画:墙壁=镶木地板图案:地板（组成关系）

Sample:In laying the floor, the carpenters combined redwood and oak in an elegant parquet.

parrot n.鹦鹉 vt. 学舌

to repeat by rote

babble:sense=parrot:originality

啧啧不休:理智=学舌:创意（缺乏关系）

Synonyms: copyist

Sample:The little boy parrots everything that his parents say.

parry v. 挡开，避开（武器，问题等）

to evade especially by an adroit answer

duty:shirk=question:parry

责任:推卸=问题:避开（逃避关系）

parry:question=shirk:duty

避开:问题=推卸:责任（逃避关系）

Synonyms: DODGE, duck, fence, shirk, sidestep

Sample:He was content to wage a defensive battle and tried to parry his opponent's thrusts.

parse [pB:rs] n./v. 从语法上分析

to resolve (as a sentence) into component parts of speech and describe them grammatically

scan:metrical=parse:grammatical

分析韵脚:有韵律的=语法分析:合乎语法的（动词与形容词正面类比）【注:scan:to analyze (verse) in terms of its rhythmic components, as by counting accents and syllables and marking the metrical feet】

specimen:dissect=sentence:parse

标本:解剖=句子:语法分析（动作及其对象）

parsimony [5pB:sImEnI] n. 过度节俭,吝啬

a tendency to be over-careful in spending; unreasonable economy; stinginess

craven:hero=parsimonious:spendthrift

极度懦弱的:英雄=吝啬的:奢侈者（形容词与名词反面类比）

curt:words=parsimonious:resource

简略的:话语=吝啬的:资源（形容词修饰名词，二重关系:简或少）

miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal

吝啬鬼:吝啬的=奢欲者:挥霍的（人物及其正面特征）

parsimonious:save=prodigal:spend

吝啬的:节约=挥霍的:花费（形容词与动词间程度关系）

parsimonious:skimp=malingering:shirk

吝啬的:吝啬=诈病的:逃避（形容词与动词）

parsimony:miser=rebelliousness:insurgent

吝啬:吝啬鬼=造反:暴徒（人物与其正面特征）

parsimony:frugal=hubris:proud

节俭:节俭的=傲慢:高傲的（名词与形容词）

tightfisted:parsimonious=brattish:mischievous

吝啬的:吝啬的=宠坏的:淘气的（同义关系）

parsimonious:profligacy=impetuous:hesitance

吝啬的:挥霍的=冲动的:忧郁的（反义关系）

parsimonious:liberal=obtuse:keen

吝啬的:慷慨的=钝的:锋利的（反义关系）

obsequious:attentiveness=parsimonious:frugality

献媚的:关心的=吝啬:节俭（褒贬程度类比）

officious:attentive=parsimony:frugal

多管闲事的:干涉=吝啬:节俭（褒贬程度类比）

curt:words=parsimonious:resource

简略的:词语=节省的:资源 (形容词及其修饰对象)

terseness:superfluous=parsimonious:expenditure

简洁的:过剩的=吝啬的:浪费的(反义关系)

largesse<>parsimony

慷慨<>吝啬

liberal<>parsimonious

慷慨的<>吝啬的

parsimonious<>wasteful

小气的<>浪费的

profligate<>parsimonious

浪费的<>吝啬的

parsimonious<>prodigal

吝啬的<>挥霍的

parsimonious<>generous

吝啬的<>大方的

munificent<>parsimonious

慷慨大方的<>吝啬小气的

lavish<>parsimonious

浪费◇吝啬

Synonyms: STINGY, cheeseparing, close, closefisted, miserly, niggardly, penny-pinching, penurious, tight, tightfisted

Sample:His parsimonious nature did not permit him to enjoy any luxuries.

partial [5pB:F(E)l] adj.部分的, 局部的, 偏袒的, 偏爱的

inclined to favor one party more than the other:BIASED

dispassionate<>partial

不动感情的<>偏袒的

Synonyms: BIASED, colored, jaundiced, one-sided, partisan, prejudiced, prepossessed, tendentious, unindifferent, warped

Sample:Although the revelation that one of the contestants was a friend left the judge open to charges of lack of disinterestedness, the judge remained adamant in her assertion that acquaintance did not necessarily imply partiality.

particularize [pE5tIkjJlEraIz] vt.vi. 详细说明,列举,大书特书

to state in detail

illustrate:pictures=particularize:details

图解:图片=列举:详细资料（动作与其工具）

Synonyms: SPECIFY, detail, specificate, specificize, stipulate

Sample:I can tell you briefly what happened, but I'll save the particulars for later.

partisan [pB:tI5zAn] n. 党羽,同党的人,游击队员

a firm adherent to a party, faction, cause, or person; especially:one exhibiting blind, prejudiced, and unreasoning allegiance

authoritativeness:pundits=allegiance:partisans

权威:权威人士=效忠:同党之人（人物及正面特征）

patriot:country=partisan:course

爱国者:国家=党羽:方针（人物与其追求对象）

partisan:bias=??

党徒:偏见=??

Synonyms: FOLLOWER, adherent, cohort, disciple, henchman, satellite, sectary, sectator, supporter

Sample:Given the failure of independent laboratories to replicate the results of Dr. Johnson's experiment, only the most partisan supporters of her hypothesis would be foolish enough to claim that it had been adequately verified.

passionate [5pAFEnEt] adj.多情的，热烈的

capable of, affected by, or expressing intense feeling

Synonyms: IRASCIBLE, choleric, hot-tempered, peppery, quick-tempered, ratty, temperish, testy, tetchy, touchy

Sample:Though science is often imagined as a disinterested exploration of external reality, scientists are no different from anyone else:they are passionate human beings enmeshed in a web of personal and social circumstances.

pastiche [pA5sti:F] n. 模仿 (的手法) ; 混成【拼凑】

a literary, artistic, musical, or architectural work that imitates the style of previous work;

pastiche<>original work

模仿<>原创

Synonyms: MISCELLANY, assortment, gallimaufry, hodgepodge, hotchpotch, medley, mishmash, omnium-gatherum, pasticcio

Sample:We cannot even say that her music is a pastiche of this or that composer; it is rather, reminiscent of many musicians.

patent [5pAtnt] adj. 专利的,显著的,新奇的

readily visible or intelligible:OBVIOUS

abstruse<>accessible/patent

晦涩难懂的<>可理解的/显著的

nuance<>patent difference

细微差别<>显著区别

occult<>bare/patent

不可思议的<>无遮盖的/明显的

patent<>not evident

明显的<>不明显的

recondite<>patent

深奥的<>浅显的

nuanced<>patent

细微差别<>明显的

Synonyms: CLEAR, apparent, distinct, evident, manifest, obvious, palpable, plain, straightforward, unequivocal

Sample:It was patent to everyone that the witness spoke the truth.

pathology [pE5WRlEdVI] n. 病理学,病理,病状

something abnormal,deviation from propriety or from an assumed normal state of something nonliving or nonmaterial

stimulation:arousal=pathogen:diseasing

刺激物:唤醒 = 病原体:疾病（事物及其作用结果）

pathological<>normal

病态的<>正常的

Sample:As we study the pathological aspects of this disease, we must not overlook the psychological elements.

patina [5pAtInE] n. 绿锈，光亮的外表

a superficial covering or exterior

Sample:Judging by the patina on this bronze statue, we can conclude that this is the work of a medieval artist.

patrician n. 贵族，名门望族

a person of high birth:ARISTOCRAT

base<>patrician

底层社会<>贵族

Synonyms: GENTLEMAN, aristocrat, blue blood

Sample:We greatly admired her well-bred, patrician elegance

patriot [5pAtrIEt] n.爱国者，爱国主义者

one who loves his or her country and supports its authority and interests

patriot:country=partisan:course

爱国者:国家=同党之人:政策（人物及其目标）

Sample:Knowing the importance of appearing resolute, the patriots sought to present a monolithic front.

patronize [5pAtrEnaIz] vt. 保护,支援,惠顾,庇护,赞助

to be kind or helpful to, but in a haughty or snobbish way, as if dealing with an inferior

condescending:patronize=obsequious:fawn

使领情的:支援=谄媚的:奉承（形容词与动词的同义关系）

patronize:condescension=deride:mockery

使领情:要人领情的态度=嘲弄:嘲笑（动词与名词的同义关系））

patronizing:condescending=peeved:annoyed

资助的:使领情的=气恼的:恼怒的（程度类比）

patron:support=apologist:defend

赞助人:支援=辩护者:辩护（人物及其特征动作）

legacy:predecessor=endowment:patron

遗产:前辈=捐赠:捐赠者（物品及物主关系）

Sample:Experts in a field sometimes appear to patronize people who are less knowledgeable of the subject.

paucity [5pC:sItI] n. 少数,少量,缺乏

smallness of number:FEWNESS

paucity<>slew

少量<>大量

profusion<>paucity

充沛<>缺乏

plethora<>paucity

过剩<>缺乏

Synonyms: SCARCITY, insufficience, insufficiency, poverty, scant, scarceness

Sample:They closed the restaurant because the paucity of customers made it uneconomical to operate.

paunchy [`pR:ntFI] adj. 大肚子的

having an enlarged, swollen, or protruding abdomen

svelte<>paunchy and awkward

苗条的<>大幅便便的

pauper [5pC:pE(r)] n. 贫民,被救济者,穷人

a person destitute of means except such as are derived from charity; specifically :one who receives aid from funds designated for the poor

Sample:Though Widow Brown was living on a reduced income, she was by no means a pauper.

pebble [5peb(E)l] n. 小圆石,小鹅卵石

a small usually rounded stone especially when worn by the action of water

droplet:deluge=pebble:landslid

小滴 :洪水 =小卵石:山崩泥石（小:大）

Sample:We threw pebbles into the ocean.

peccadillo [pekE5dIlEJ] n．小过失

a slight offense

glitch:flaw=peccadillo:error/sin/offense

小故障:缺陷=小过失:错误（程度比较）

peccadillo:sin=admonishment:castigation

小过失:错误=警告:惩罚（程度比较）

peccadillo:offense=cameo:sculpture

小过失:错误=贝雕:雕塑 (种属)

mishap:accident=peccadillo:offence

不幸:事故=小罪:犯罪（种属）

Sample:If we examine these escapades carefully, we will realize that they are mere peccadilloes rather than major crimes.

peck [pek] n. 啄痕,啄食,许多 ,轻吻

peck:kiss=glance:look { peep:sound}

轻吻:吻=一瞥:看（小:正常）

Sample:Both the crocodile bird and the crocodile derive benefit from their symbiosis; pecking away at food particles embedded in the crocodile's teeth, the bird derives nourishment; the crocodile, meanwhile, derives proper dental hygiene.

pedagogue [5pedE^R^] n. 教师,教育者,爱假装博学者

TEACHER, SCHOOLMASTER; especially :a dull, formal, or pedantic teacher

stickler:exacting=pedagogue:indoctrinate

坚持者:严格苛求=教育者:灌输（人及其特征行为）

pedagogue:instruct=??

教育者:指导=?? (人物及其特征行为)

Sample:He could never be a stuffy pedagogue; his classes were always lively and filled with humor.

pedant [5pedEnt] n. 炫学者,自夸学者的人,空谈家；学究式人物

one who makes a show of knowledge

martinet:discipline=pedant:learning

严格的人:纪律=学究:学习（人物及其特征动作）

mawkish/maudlin:sentiment=pedantic:scholarship

感情脆弱的:多愁善感=书生气的:学识（人物及其正面特征）

scholarly:pedantic=modest:prudish

儒雅的:书呆的=谦虚的:假装正经 (褒贬程度类比)

moralistic:principled=pedantic:learned

道学的:有原则的=学究式的:有学问的（褒贬对比）

insightful:pedant=??

有深刻见解的:学究人物（人物及其特征）

pedantic:scholar=histrionic:actor

学究的:学者=戏剧的:演员（人物及其正面特征）

pedant:learning=hack:writing

学究:学习=雇佣文人:写作（人物及其特征行为）

pedant:instruct=exponent:advocate

学究式人物:教导=代表:提倡（人物及其特征行为）

Sample:Her insistence that the book be memorized marked the teacher as a pedant rather than a scholar.

pedestrian [pI5destrIEn] adj．徒步的，缺乏想像的呆板的 n．行人

COMMONPLACE, UNIMAGINATIVE

pedestrian<>imaginative

缺乏想像的<>富于想象的

pedestrian<>uncommon

平凡的<>不凡的

pedestrian<>marvelous

平凡的<>非凡的

pedestrian<>inspired

呆板的<>有灵感的

rarefied<>pedestrian

稀少的 <> 通俗的

Synonyms: DULL, banausic, blah, dreary, humdrum, monotone, monotonous, plodding, stodgy

Sample:Unintentionally boring, he wrote page after page of pedestrian prose.

peep [pIp] n. 瞥见,偷看,初现

to utter the slightest sound

{peck:kiss=peep:sound}

{ 啄:亲吻=瞥见:听见 }

Synonyms: CHIRP, cheep, chip, chipper, chirrup, chitter, tweedle, tweet, twitter

Sample:he school principal took a peep at the class through the window.

peerless [5pIElIs] adj.出类拔萃的, 无可匹敌的

MATCHLESS, INCOMPARABLE

peerless<>equality

无可匹敌的<>同等【注；词性不符】

Synonyms: ALONE, matchless, only, unequaled, unique, unmatched, unparagoned, unparalleled, unrivaled

Sample:he singer gave a peerless performance in the opera.

peeve [pi:v] v. 使气恼，怨恨

to make peevish or resentful:ANNOY

mawkish:sentimental=peeve:annoy

让人厌恶的:多愁善感=使怒:使苦恼（褒贬程度类比）

hidebound:conservative=peeved:annoyed

死板的:保守的=气恼的:苦恼的（褒贬程度类比）

maudlin:sentimental=peeved:annoyed

感情脆弱的:多愁善感的=气恼的:苦恼的（褒贬程度类比）

patronizing:condescending=peeved:annoyed

资助的:使领情的=气恼的:恼怒的（程度类比）

saturated:wet＝peeved: annoy

湿透的:弄湿=恼怒的:骚挠 (行为及其结果)

placate<>peeve

安抚<>使气恼

Synonyms: IRRITATE, aggravate, exasperate, get, nettle, pique, provoke, put out, rile, roil

Sample:People who chew gum and talk at the same time peeve me.

pejorative [pi:v] adj．带有轻蔑意义的，贬低的

having negative connotations; especially :tending to disparage or belittle:DEPRECIATORY

pejorative<>laudatory

贬低的<>赞美的

Synonyms: DEROGATORY, depreciative, depreciatory, detracting, disadvantageous, disparaging, dyslogistic, slighting, uncomplimentary

Sample:Instead of criticizing Clinton's policies, the Republicans made pejorative

remarks about his character.

pelf [pelf] n. 金钱财物尤指以欺诈行为而得到的金钱和财富

Wealth or riches, especially when dishonestly acquired

pelf:impecunious=experience:green

钱财:贫穷的=经验:无经验的

pellucid [pI5lju:sId] adj．清晰的，清澈的易懂的

easy to understand

venial:excuse=pellucid:understand

可宽恕的:原谅=易懂的:明白（因果关系）

comprehensible:pellucid=auditable:stentorious

可理解的:明显得=听得见的:声音极大的（程度关系）

pellucid<>murky

清晰的<>阴沉的

murky<>clear/pellucid/limpid

阴沉的<>清楚的/澄清的/清澈的

nebulous<>pellucid

模糊不清的<>清楚的

Synonyms: TRANSPARENT, clear, limpid, see-through, translucent

Sample:After reading these stodgy philosophers, I find his pellucid style very enjoyable.

pen [pen] n. 雌天鹅

a female swan

sheep:ewe=swan:pen

羊:母羊=天鹅:雌天鹅【注:ewe:the female of the sheep】（种属关系，动物及其雌性动物）

penalty [5penEltI] n. 刑罚,罚款,报应

the suffering in person, rights, or property that is annexed by law or judicial decision to the commission of a crime or public offense

exempt:liability=ardon:penalty

免责:责任，债务=原谅:处罚（行为及其消除对象）

Sample:Human nature and long distances have made exceeding the speed limit a cherished tradition in the state, so the legislators surprised no one when, acceding to public practice, they rejected increased penalties for speeding.

penchant [5pentFEnt] n.强烈嗜好,偏好; 倾向

a strong and continued inclination; broadly :LIKING

penchant<>aversion

厌恶<>偏好

penchant<>dislike

偏好<>讨厌

Synonyms: LEANING, bent, disposition, inclination, inclining, predilection, predisposition, proclivity, propensity, tendency

Sample:The current penchant for touting a product by denigrating a rival, named in the advertisement by brand name, seems somewhat foolhardy:suppose the consumer remembers only the rival's name?

penetrate [5penItreIt] vt. 穿透,渗透,看穿

to enter by overcoming resistance:PIERCE

impervious:penetrate=ineluctable:avoid

不透的:穿透=不可避免的:避免（事物特征及其反面被动行为）

knead:malleable=penetrate:permeable

揉捏:可延展性的=穿透 :能透过的（动作与正面特征）

penetrate:impermeable::change:immutable

穿透:不能透过的=变化:不变的（形容词与动词的反义关系）

penetrate:impermeable=profane:inviolable

穿透:不能透过的=亵渎:无法亵渎的（形容词与动词的反义关系）

penetrate:deflated=jar:unsettled

穿透:漏气的=震动:没固定的（因果关系）

pierce:impenetrate=understand:recondite

穿透:难以渗透的=理解:深奥的 (动词与形容词的反义关系)

Sample:In order to maintain its power, the government developed a system of espionage that penetrated every hosehold.

penitent [5penItEnt] adj.悔过的

feeling or expressing humble or regretful pain or sorrow for sins or offenses:REPENTANT

penitent:contrition=??

悔过的:悔悟=??

penitent:obdurate=skeptic:credulous

悔过者:顽固的=怀疑者:轻信的

impenitent<>contrite

不悔悟的<>后悔的

penitent<>unremorseful

后悔的<>不后悔的

Synonyms: REMORSEFUL, apologetic, attritional, compunctious, contrite, penitential, regretful, repentant, sorry

Sample:When he realized the enormity of his crime, he became remorseful and penitent.

pensive [5pensIv] adj. 沉思的,哀思的,忧沉的

musingly or dreamily thoughtful

museful:ruminative=lamentable:pensive

沉思的:沉思的=哀伤的:悲哀的 (同义关系)

Synonyms: THOUGHTFUL, cogitative, contemplative, meditative, pondering, reflecting, reflective, ruminative, speculative, thinking

Sample:The pensive youth gazed at the painting for a long time and then sighed.

penury [5penjJrI] n. 贫困,贫穷

a cramping and oppressive lack of resources (as money); especially :severe poverty

incognizance:knowledgeable=penury:wealthy

不认识:知识渊博=贫穷:富有（反义关系）

frugal:penurious＝firm:obdurate

节俭的:吝啬的=坚定的:顽固的（褒贬程度类比）

penury<>affluence

贫困<>富裕

penurious<>lavish

吝啬的<>浪费，慨赠

largesse<>penurious

慷慨赠与<>贫穷的【注:词性不符】

Sample:When his pension fund failed, George feared he would end his days in penury.

perceptible [pE5septIb(E)l] adj. 可察觉的,能感觉得到的,看得见的

capable of being perceived especially by the senses

relevant:crucial=perceptible:obvious

相关的:关键的=可察觉的:明显的（程度比较）

delusion:?=hallucination:perception {mirage:imagination}

错觉:思考=幻觉:感觉 { 幻想:想象}（行为及其特殊方式）

appreciable<>imperceptible

可感知的<>不能感知的

Synonyms: appreciable, detectable, discernible, observable, palpable, sensible, tangible

Sample:Even though political editorializing was not forbidden under the new regime, journalists still experienced discreet, though perceptible, governmental pressure to limit dissent.

peremptory [5perEmptC:rI] adj. 专横的，不容反抗的

characterized by often imperious or arrogant self-assurance

parsimonious:spend=peremptory:fawn

吝啬的:花费:；专横的:奉承 (人物个性及其特征行为)

peremptory<>open to challenge

不容反抗的<>接受挑战的

Sample:From Jack's peremptory knock on the door, Jill could tell he would not give up until she let him in.

perfervid [p\:`f\:vId] adj.非常热心的

marked by overwrought or exaggerated emotion : excessively fervent

perfervid<>impassive

非常热心的<>冷漠的

perfervid<>tepid

热情的<>微温的

Synonyms: IMPASSIONED, ardent, blazing, burning, fervent, fiery, flaming, glowing, hot-blooded, passionate

perfidy [5p\:fIdI] n. 不诚实,背信

the quality or state of being faithless or disloyal:TREACHERY

exorbitant:moderation=perfidious:loyalty

过度的:适度的:背信弃义的:忠诚的（褒贬对照）

perfidious<>faithful/loyal

背信的<>忠实的/忠实的

perfidy<>trustworthiness

不诚实<>可信赖

Sample:When Caesar realized that Brutus had betrayed him, he reproached his perfidious friend.

perforate [5p\:fEreIt] v.打孔 , 刺穿穿、刺、戳洞；穿透

to make a hole through; especially :to make a line of holes in to facilitate separation

perforate:hole=pleat:fold

打孔:孔=使...打褶:褶皱 (行为及其作用结果)

Synonyms: bore, drill, prick, punch, puncture

Sample:Before you can open the aspirin bottle, you must first perforate the plastic safety seal that covers the cap.

perfunctorily [pE5fQNktErili] adv. 敷衍地,潦草地,表面地

lacking in interest or enthusiasm

perfunctorily:inspiration=insolently:veneration

敷衍:鼓舞=自傲:尊敬（缺乏关系）

Sample:The auditor's perfunctory inspection of the books overlooked many errors.

perimeter [pE5rImItE(r)] n. 周长,周界

the boundary of a closed plane figure

country:border=circle:perimeter

国土:边界=圆:周界，周长（具有内容联系的名词）

Sample:To find the perimeter of any quadrilateral, we add the lengths of the four sides.

peripatetic [perIpE5tetIk] adj. 巡游的, 徒步的,逍遥学派的

moving or traveling from place to place:ITINERANT

phlegmatic:stolid=peripatetic:itinerant

冷静的:不易激动的=走来走去的:巡回的（同义关系）

peripatetic<>rooted

巡游的<>根深蒂固的

peripatetic<>sedentary

巡游的<>不迁徙的

Synonyms: ITINERANT, ambulant, itinerate, nomadic, perambulant, roving, vagabond, vagrant, wandering, wayfaring

Sample:The peripatetic school of philosophy derives its name from the fact that Aristotle walked with his pupils while discussing philosophy with them.

peripheral [pE5rIfEr(E)l] adj.边缘的，周边的

of, relating to, involving, or forming a periphery or surface part

immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center

非实质的:中肯的=边缘的:中心的（反义关系）

crux<>peripheral element

症结<>次要因素

periphery<>center

外围<>中央

peripheral<>in essence

外围的<>核心【注:选项有STASIS 不要把提干和 peripatetic搞混】

periphery<>core

外围<>核心

periphery<>important part/central area

外围<>重要部分/中心地带

integral<>peripheral

整体<>外围

peripheral<>crucial

外围的<>关键的

Sample:One virus strain that may help gene therapists cure genetic brain diseases can enter the peripheral nervous system and travel to the brain, obviating the need to inject the therapeutic virus directly into the brain.

perjury [5p\:dVErI] n. 伪誓,伪证

the voluntary violation of an oath or vow either by swearing to what is untrue or by omission to do what has been promised under oath:false swearing perjury:deposition

calumny:assertion=perjury:testimony

中伤:声明=伪证:证词（种属关系）

calumny:representation=perjury:testimony

中伤:陈述=伪证:证词（种属关系）

perjure<>depose

使发伪誓<>作证

Sample:When several witnesses appeared to challenge his story, he was indicted for perjury.

permanence [`p\:mEnEns] n.永久，持久

the quality or state of being permanent:DURABILITY

evanescent:permanence=archaic:currency

短暂的:永久=陈旧的:流通（反义关系）

heroic:craven=erratic:permanent

英勇的:怯弱的=不稳定:持久的（反义关系）

opportune:convenience=impermanent:transience

恰好的:便利 =短暂的:短暂（同义关系）

achromatic:hue=transitory:permanence

无色的:色调=短暂的:永久（形容词与名词的反义关系）

ephemeral<>permanent /perpetual

短暂的<>永久的

extinction<>perpetuation

消失<>永久，不朽

interim<>permanent

暂时的<>永久的

transience<>permanence

顷刻<>永久

transitory<>permanence

短暂的<>永久的

evanescent<>permanent

短暂的<>永恒的

Synonyms: LASTING, diuturnal, durable, enduring, perdurable, perduring, stable

permeable [5p\:mIEb(E)l] adj. 有浸透性的,能透过的

capable of being permeated:PENETRABLE; especially :having pores or openings that permit liquids or gases to pass through

knead:malleable=penetrate:permeable

揉捏:有延展性的=穿透 :可穿透的（动词与形容词的同义关系）

opacity:light=impermeability:fluid

不透明:光线=不渗透:流体 (事物特征及其对象)

waterproof<>permeable

防水的<>能透过的

diaphanous<>impermeable of light

透明的<>不透光的

impermeable<>easily penetrated

不能渗透的<>容易渗透的

Synonyms: penetrable, pervious, porose, porous

pernicious [pE5nIFEs] adj. 有害的,有毒的,致命的

highly injurious or destructive:DEADLY

pernicious:injure=disingenuous:mislead

有害的:伤害=没有诚意的:误导（行为及其正面特征）

pernicious<>salutary　

有害的<>有益的

Synonyms: baneful, deadly, noxious, pestiferous, pestilent, pestilential

Sample:He argued that these books had a pernicious effect on young and susceptible minds.

perpetual [pE5petjJEl] adj. 永久的,不断的

continuing forever:EVERLASTING

transient:vanish=constant:perpetuate

短暂的:消失=不变的:不朽（事物特征及其必然结果）

ephemeral<>permanent/perpetual

短暂的<>永久的

extinction<>perpetuation

消失<>永存

debunk<>perpetuate to sham

揭穿真相<>永远的伪装

perpetual<>transitory

永久的<>短暂的

Sample:Ponce de Leon hoped to find perpetual youth.

persecute [5p\:sIkju:t] vt. 迫害,虐待,困扰

to come to mind continually; obsess:

persecute:injure=haunt:remember

残害:损伤=萦绕心头:回忆（程度类比）

Synonyms: WRONG, aggrieve, oppress, outrage

Sample:They were persecuted by the government because of their religion.

persevere [p\:sI5vIE(r)] vi. 坚持不懈；不屈不挠

to persist in a state, enterprise, or undertaking in spite of counterinfluences, opposition, or discouragement

obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend

固执的:保持=不睿智/反应迟钝（人际）:冒犯（因果关系）

persevere<>give up

坚持<>放弃

Synonyms: carry on, go on, hang on, persist

Sample:My teacher encouraged me to persevere in my studies.

persiflage [p\:sI5vIE(r)] n. 挖苦，嘲弄

to provide with an incentive; move to action; impel

exhortation:motivate=persiflage:incite

勉励:激发=挖苦 :煽动（动作以及目的）

Synonyms: BANTER, backchat, badinage, repartee, snip-snap

personable [5p\:sEnEb(E)l] adj. 风度好的,优雅的,貌美的

pleasant or amiable in person:ATTRACTIVE

personable<>unattractive

优雅的<>无魅力的

Sample:The man I am seeking to fill this position must be personable since he will be representing us before the public.

perspective [pE5spektIv] n. 远景,看法,透视

an optical glass (as a telescope)

Synonyms: VISTA, lookout, outlook, prospect, scape

Sample:Because folk art is neither completely rejected nor accepted as an art form by art historians, their final evaluations of it necessarily remain equivocal.

perspicacious [p\:spI5keIFEs] adj. 独具慧眼的 , 敏锐的

of acute mental vision or discernment:KEEN

perspicacious:dupe=rectitude:corruption

敏锐的:欺骗=正直的:堕落（事物及其反面特征）

perspicacious<>obtuse/undiscerned

敏锐的<>迟钝的

perspicacious<>dull {awkard}

敏锐的<>呆滞的【注:强调思维状态,而非行为特征】

perspicacious<>lack of discernment

极其敏锐<>缺乏洞察力

perspicacity<>indiscernment

敏锐的<>没有洞察力

Synonyms: SHREWD, argute, astucious, astute, cagey, heady, sagacious

Sample:The brillant lawyer was known for his perspicacious deductions.

perspicuity [9p\:spI`kjU:EtI] n. 明晰,明了,简明

plain to the understanding especially because of clarity and precision of presentation

perspicuous<>dull

明了的<>呆滞的

Synonyms: CLARITY, clearness, limpidity, lucidity, plainness

Sample:One of the outstanding features of this book is the perspicuity of its author; her meaning is always clear.

pertinacious [p\:tI5neIFEs] adj. 顽固的

stubbornly unyielding or tenacious

inexperience:green=pertinacity:refractory

无经验:无经验的=顽固:难控制的（形容词与名词的同义关系）

encyclopedia:compendious=abstract:concise/ {pertinacity:changeable}{ recapitulation:lengthy}

百科全书:全面的=摘要:简短的（事物及其正面特征）

pertinacious<>tractable

执拗的<>易于管教的

pertinacity<>vacillation

顽固<>游移不定

pertinacious<>pliable

执拗的<>易变的

pertinacious<>irresolute

固执的<>犹豫不决的

capricious<>pertinacious

反复无常的<>固执的

Synonyms: OBSTINATE, bullheaded, headstrong, mulish, perverse, refractory, self-willed, stubborn, willful, unyielding

Sample:He is bound to succeed because his pertinacious nature will not permit him to quit.

pertinent [5p\:tInEnt] adj. 相关的,中肯的,切题的

having a clear decisive relevance to the matter in hand

pertinent:relevance=redundant:superfluity

中肯的:中肯 =多余的:多余（形容词和名词的同义关系）

immaterial<>pertinent/relevant

非物质的<>相关的/有关联的

pertinent<>irrelevant