RESEARCH PORTFOLIO
( Dr. Chao-Hsien Chu )

Research Highlights.
Current Research Interests.
Research Publications:
Intelligent Systems Development.
IT in Manufacturing.
Research Projects (Current and Past 5 Years).
Research Grants Received.
Supervised Disertation/Theses.

[ Biographical Sketch] [ Teaching Portfolio ] [ Resume ]

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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS:

  • Adjunct Academic Advisor of the Ph.D. program in Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems (CIMS) at Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China. (1998 - Now).
  • Author and editor of a book entitled "Intelligent Systems for Business" (In Progress).
  • Author of more than 20 articles in journals and more than 30 papers in refereed proceedings.
  • Major professor of more than 20 dissertations/theses. Most of them are related to intelligent systems.
  • Awarded the "JSPS Short-Term Invitation Fellowship for Research in Japan," from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and National Science Foundation (NSF). (1997).
  • Awarded the "Excellent Research Award of the Year," College of Business, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (1991).
  • Awarded "Faculty Improvement Leave," from the Faculty Senate, Iowa State University to study and conduct research in Japan for one year (September 1990).
  • Awarded the "Best Theoretical/Empirical Research Paper Award," National DSI Conference, Decision Sciences Institute (November 1989).
  • Runner-up, Research Paper Award, College of Business, Iowa State University. (1989).
  • Served as editorial review board for two international journals and program committee and session chair for many international conferences.

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CURRENT RESEARCH INTERESTS:

Intelligent Systems Development:

    Technologies:

  • Expert Systems / Knowledge-Based Systems.
  • Fuzzy Set Theory /Fuzzy Logic / Fuzzy Modeling.
  • Neural Networks / Neural Computation.
  • Genetic Algorithms / Evolutionary Computation.
  • Simulated Annealing; Tabu Search.
  • Petri-Nets.

    Applications:

  • Telecommunication Networks Design.
  • Decision Support.
  • Advanced Manufacturing Systems.
  • Supply Chain Management.
Information Systems/Network Security:
  • Determinants of Information Systems/Network Security
  • Intelligent Technology for Detecting Systems Intrusion.
  • Management of Information Systems Security
Information Systems/Software Quality:
  • Metrics for Software Quality Assurance.
  • Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
  • Strategic Quality Management.
Information Technology for Manufacturing:
  • Cellular Manufacturing Systems.
  • Lean Manufacturing/Just-in-Time (JIT) Production.
  • Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP).
  • Supply Chain Management.
  • Technology Innovation & Diffusion.
  • Competitive Manufacturing Strategy.

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RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS:

Intelligent Systems:

Book:

  1. Chu, C. H. (editor), Intelligent Systems for Business, World Scientific Publishing Co., (In Progress).
Journal Publication:
  1. Chu, C. H., Chou, H., and Premkumar, G. "Digital Data Networks Design Using Genetic Algorithms," European Journal of Operational Research (Forthcoming).
  2. Premkumar, G., Chu, C. H. and Chou, H., "Telecommunications Network Design Decision: A Genetic Algorithm Approach," Decision Sciences (Forthcoming).
  3. Chu, C. H., "An Improved Neural Network Model for Manufacturing Cell Formation," Decision Support Systems, Vol. 20 (1997), pp. 279-295. View Abstract and References.
  4. Chu, C. H. and Tsai, C. C. "A Heuristic Genetic Algorithm for Manufacturing Cell Formation," in Kamrani, A. K. and Logendran, R. L. (eds.), Group Technology & Cellular Manufacturing: Methodologies & Applications. (Forthcoming). View Abstract and References.
  5. Tsai, C. C., Chu, C. H. and Barta, T., "Modeling and Analysis of a Manufacturing Cell Formation Problem with Fuzzy Integer Programming," IIE Transactions, Vol. 29 (1997), pp. 533-547. View Abstract and References.
  6. Chu, C. H. and Widjaja, D., "A Neural Network System for Forecasting Method Selection," Decision Support Systems, Vol. 12 (1994), pp. 13-24. View Abstract and References.
  7. Chu, C. H., "Manufacturing Cell Formation by Competitive Learning," International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 31, No. 4 (1993), pp. 829-843. View Abstract and References.
  8. Chu, C. H. and Hayya, J. C., "A Fuzzy Clustering Approach to Manufacturing Cell Formation," International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 29, No. 7 (1991), pp. 1475-1487. View Abstract and References.
  9. Chu, C. H., "Three Blueprints for Intelligent PC-Based Decision Support Systems," Expert Systems: Planning / Implementation / Integration, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Winter 1990), pp. 41-48.
  10. Chu, C. H., "Design Issues for Intelligent Microcomputer-Based Decision Support Systems," Journal of Information Systems Management, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Spring 1989), pp. 25-33.
  11. Chu, C. H., Wang, H. P., and Chu, Y. C., "On the Design of an Intelligent Micro-Based DSS for Line Balancing," Computers and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 4 (1988), pp. 419-427.
  12. Chu, C. H. and Wang, H. P., "The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Process Planning," International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1988), pp. 5-18.

Refereed Conference Proceedings:

  1. Chou, H., Premkumar, G., and Chu, C. H., "Telecommunications Network Design - A Genetic Algorithm Approach," Proceedings of the 1998 Association for Information Systems Conference, August 1998.
  2. Chou, H., Chu, C. H. and Premkumar, G., "A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm Approach for Degree Constrained Network Design," Proceedings of the 1998 National Decision Science Conference, November 1998.
  3. Chang, E. and Chu, C. H., "Neural Network Approaches to Flow Shop Scheduling," Proceedings of the 1997 National Decision Science Conference, November 1997.
  4. Tsai, C. C. and Chu, C. H., "A Multi-Objective Linear Programming Model for Manufacturing Cell Formation," Proceedings of the 1996 National Decision Science Conference, November 1996.
  5. Tsai, C. C. and Chu, C. H., "A Heuristic Genetic Algorithm for Manufacturing Cell Formation," Proceedings of the 1995 National Decision Science Conference, November 1995.
  6. Chu, C. H., "Applications of Fuzzy Set Theory to Quality Improvement," Proceedings of the 1994 National Decision Sciences Conference, November 1994.
  7. Chu, C. H., "Fuzzy Modeling for Manufacturing Cell Formation," Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Fuzzy Logic, Neural Nets and Soft Computing, August 1994.
  8. Tsai, C. C., Chu, C. H. and Barta, T., "Fuzzy Linear Programming Approach to Manufacturing Cell Formation," Proceedings of the IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, June 1994.
  9. Chu, C. H. and Chou, C. I., "A Neural Network Approach to the Analysis of Control Charts," Proceedings of the 1993 Decision Sciences Conference, November 1993.
  10. Chu, C. H. and Tsai, C. C., "Manufacturing Cell Formation in a Fuzzy Environment," Proceedings of the 1993 Decision Sciences Conference, November 1993.
  11. Chu, C. H., and Shih. W. L., "Simulated Annealing for Manufacturing Cell Formation," Proceedings of the 1992 Decision Sciences Conference, November 1992.
  12. Chu, C. . and Li, L. F., "A Neural Network Approach to Manufacturing Cell Formation," Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks (IIZUKA'92), Japan, July 1992.
  13. Chu, C. H., "Manufacturing Cell Formation by Competitive Learning," Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Comparative Management, Taiwan, June 1992.
  14. Chu, C. H., "Forecasting Method Selection: A Neural Network Approach," Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Forecasting, Hong Kong, December 1991.
  15. Chu, C. H. and D. Widjaja, "On the Design of a Neural Network Based Forecasting," Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Information Resources Management, May 1991.
  16. Chu, C. H., "Fuzzy Clustering Approach to Manufacturing Cell Formation," Proceedings of the 22nd National Decision Science Conference, November 1990.
  17. Chu, C. H. and Tsang, K. Y., "On the Design of a Forecasting Expert System," Proceedings of the 21st National Decision Science Conference, November 1989.
  18. Chu, C. H. and Tsang, K. Y., "Toward the Design of a Forecasting Expert System," Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Comparative Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, June 1989.
  19. Hsu, K. C. and Chu, C. H., "Practical Issues in Designing Knowledge-Based Expert Systems," Proceedings of the International Computers and Industrial Engineering Conference, March 1989.
  20. Chu, C. H. and Wang, H. P., "Design of an Intelligent Micro-DSS for Forecasting," Proceedings of the International Industrial Engineering Conference, May 1988.
  21. Chu, C. H., "Toward the Design of an Intelligent DSS for Forecasting," Computers and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 14 (1988).
  22. Chu, C. H. and Chu, Y. C., "Building an Effective Micro-Based DSS for Line Balancing," Proceedings of the 18th National Decision Science Conference, November 1986.

Papers Under Review:

  1. Chang, E., Chu, C. H. and Barta, T. A., "Empirical Tests of Hopfield-Tank Neural Nets for Flow Shop Scheduling," submitted to Computers and Operations Research, January 1998 (under revision)
  2. Chou, H., Premkumar, G. and Chu, C. H., "Performance of Genetic Algorithms – An Examination of the Impact of Encoding, Crossover, and Mutation Operators," Submitted to IEEE Transactions of Evolutionary Computation, July 1998 (Under 1st Revision).

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IT for Manufacturing:

Journal Publication:

  1. Chu, C. H., "Recent Advances in Mathematical Programming for Cell Formation," in Kamrani, A. K., Parsaei, H. R., and Liles, D. H. (editors), Planning, Design, and Analysis of Cellular Manufacturing Systems, Manufacturing Research and Technology, Vol. 24 (1995), Elsevier, pp. 3-46.
  2. Chu, C. H. and Shih, W. L., "Simulation Studies for JIT Production," International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 30, No. 11 (1992), pp. 2573-2586.
  3. Yeh, K. H. and Chu, C.H., "Adaptive Strategies for Coping with Product Variety Decisions," International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 11, No. 8 (1991), pp. 35-47.
  4. Chu, C. H. and Tsai, M., "A Comparison of Three Array-Based Clustering Techniques for Manufacturing Cellular Formation," International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 28, No. 8 (1990), pp. 1417-1433. View the complete Paper.
  5. Chu, C. H., "Cluster Analysis in Manufacturing Cellular Formation," OMEGA: The International Journal of Management Science, Vol. 17, No. 3 (May 1989), pp. 289-295.
  6. Lee, S., Wang, H. P. and Chu, C. H., "Controlling a Robotic Cell by Dynamic Rule Dispatching A Simulation Study," International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 10, No. 4 (1990), pp. 51-64.
  7. Chu, C. H. and Lin, H. H., "Evaluating Microcomputer DBMSs," Journal of Information Systems Management, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Spring 1989), pp. 69-75.
  8. Chu, C. H., "The Pervasive Elements of Total Quality Control," Industrial Management, Vol. 30, No. 5 (September/October 1988), pp. 30-32. View the complete Paper.
  9. Chu, C. H. and Hayya, J. C., "Buffering Decisions Under MRP Environment: A Review," OMEGA: The International Journal of Management Science, Vol. 16, No. 4 (1988), pp. 325-331.
  10. Bagchi, U., Hayya, J. C., and Chu, C. H., "The Effect of lead-time Variability: The Case of Independent Demand," Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 6, No. 2 (February 1986), pp. 159-177.
Refereed Conference Proceedings:
  1. Chu, C. H., "Mathematical Programming Approaches to Cell Formation: A Survey and Assessment," Proceedings of the 1994 National Decision Sciences Conference, November 1994.
  2. Chu, C. H. and Lee, W., "An Efficient Heuristic for Grouping Part Families," Proceedings of Midwest Decision Sciences Conference, May 1990.
  3. Chu, C. H and Lee, W., "A Comparison of 01 Integer Programming Models for Manufacturing Cell Formation," Proceedings of the 21st National Decision Sciences Conference, November 1989.
  4. Lee, S., Wang, H. P. and Chu, C. H., "Dynamic Rule Dispatching in a Robotic Cell," Proceedings of the International Industrial Engineering Conference, March 1989.
  5. Chu, C. H. and Tsai, M. "A Comparison of Array-Based Clustering Techniques for Manufacturing Cellular Formation," Proceedings of the 20th National Decision Science Conference, November 1988.
  6. Chu, C. H and Pan, P., "A comparison of Hierarchical Clustering Techniques for Parts / machines Families Formation," Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Robotics, CAD/CAM, and Factory of the Future, August 1988.
  7. Chu, C. H. and Pan, P., "The Use of Clustering Techniques in Manufacturing Cellular Formation," Proceedings of the International Industrial Engineering Conference, May 1988.
  8. Chu, C. H. and Nilakanta, S., "On the Design of a Micro MRP System: A Relational Database Approach," Computers and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 14 (1988).
  9. Chu, C. H. and Chu, Y. C., "Computerized ABC Analysis: The Basis for Inventory Management," Computers and Industrial Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 14 (1987).
  10. Chu, C. H., Hayya, J. C., and Davis, S. G., "Safety Stock Problems in MRP Systems: A Review and Prospects," Proceedings of the 16th National Decision Science Conference, November 1984.
  11. Bagchi, U., Hayya, J. C., and Chu, C. H., "Toward a Solution of the Problem of Lead Time Variability," Proceedings of the 16th National Decision Science Conference, November 1984.
Paper Under Review:
  1. Chu, C. H., Wang, Y. and Li, J., "Supply Chain Management: Problems, Determinants, and Implementation Strategies," submitted to Journal of Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, China, August 1998. (In Chinese).

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RESEARCH PROJECTS (Current and Past 5 Years):

  • Empirical Study on the Determinants for Information Systems Security. (Current).

    Information security is considered one of the most critical concerns in today's competitive business world. As we progress into the information age, electronic commerce has spurred the exponential growth of the Internet. Web technologies provide an amazing infrastructure for electronic data interchange (EDI), direct marketing, and information retrieval. As more and more companies rush to the information superhighway to gain the web presence, information security has become an important issue. The information loss incurred among the web-based companies has almost doubled in comparison with the conventional ones. Unfortunately, the importance of information security often is not emphasized enough.

    The major objective of this research is to study the critical factors that may have substantial impact on information security. The identification of these determinants and the examination of the relationship between various determinants and security measures will facilitate our further studies on the development of cost-effective models and the development of integrated strategies for information security.

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  • Intelligent Technologies for Detecting External Intrusion. (Current).

    The intrinsic properties of Internet / Intranet / Extranet determine its vulnerability to failure and attack. Evidence of computer network insecurity is all around us. According to a recent survey from Information Week (1998), the attack to those sites with supply chain networks or enterprise resource planning applications has been more serious. This is partly because the implementation of security represents a cost burden that does not reflect an immediate return and partly because the organization is sometimes unaware of security breaches.

    The purpose of this project is to explore the feasibility of applying intelligent technologies such as neural networks, genetic algorithms, and fuzzy logic to automatically detect the internal / external intrusion. An intelligent system, written in Java or visual C++, will be developed for experiment and analysis.

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  • Intelligent Technologies for Decision Support. (Current).

    This project involves the use of intelligent technologies such as genetic algorithms (GA), neural networks, fuzzy logic, and induction systems to specific business applications. The problem domains under investigation are mutual fund rating, merge and acquisition prediction, and real estate value prediction.

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  • Genetic Algorithms for Communication Networks Design. (1997-Now).

    This project involves the use of genetic algorithms (GA) to model and design communication networks. The models we have explored include general minimum spanning tree, degree-constrained spanning tree, and Steiner tree. Other issues to be explored are capacitated spanning tree, multi-criteria spanning tree, and others. On the GA side, we have focused on evaluating different representation methods, repair and penalty schemes, heuristic crossover and mutation operators. For simulation purpose, a comprehensive GA environment was development under Windows environment using Microsoft Visual C++.

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  • Applying Quality Function Deployment (QFD) Approaches to Information Systems Development. (1997-1998).

    The main focus of this project is to apply fuzzy QFD to improve information systems quality. Comprehensive metric and measures for evaluating information systems quality was developed. Its performance was compared with traditional models such as weighted sum method and modified weighted sum method. As part this project, a fuzzy QFD framework and system was developed using Microsoft Visual Basic to ensure its user-friendliness.

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  • A Comparative Analysis of Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) Neural Networks for Cell Formation. (1996-1997).

    Adaptive resonance theory (ART) is a very effective unsupervised neural network paradigm, developed mainly for classification (or pattern recognition) type of applications. Since its inception in the 1980's, several versions of the algorithm have been proposed. The general strengths and weaknesses of each model are known but their actual impact and performance for practical applications have not been well explored. The main purpose of this study is to perform a systematic empirical analysis and comparison of different versions of ART nets, especially, ART1 and Fuzzy ART. Selected database from cellular manufacturing was used for the comparison. A neural network environment for ARTs, written in Microsoft Visual Basic (for user-interface) and Visual C++ (for algorithms), was developed.

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  • Neural Networks for Selected Optimization Problems. (1995-1996).

    The purpose of this project is to explore the feasibility of applying neural networks to solve combinatory optimization problems. We examined the traveling salesman problem and flow shop scheduling problems using modified Hopfield and Mean Simulated Annealing networks. A graduate student, Edward Chang, majoring in industrial and manufacturing systems engineering was involved in developing the framework and prototype of the system as part of his master degree requirements. A generic PC-based neural network environment (shell) was developed for testing and comparisons. The user interfaces were programmed using Microsoft's Visual Basic and the computational algorithms are coded as dynamic link libraries (DLLs) using Microsoft Visual C.

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  • Neural Network Approaches to Quality Control Chart Analysis. (1994-1995).

    The analysis and interpretation of quality control charts are difficult and challenging because performing the tasks often requires extensive knowledge in Statistics and sometimes depends on personal experience and subjective judgment. The purpose of this project is to develop neural networks to automate the decision making process (automated inspection). Backpropagation and learning vector quantization (LVQ) networks were selected for the study. Their relative performance is evaluated and compared using simulated data sets.

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  • Modeling of Just-in-Time (JIT) Production Systems using Petri Nets. (1994-1995).

    Since its inception in 1962, Petri nets have evolved as a powerful tool for specifying and modeling information flow of dynamic systems. It has also been used widely in designing and evaluating the performance of complicated discrete-event systems. The purposes of this project are twofold: (1) to examine how a Petri net can used to model JIT production systems and (2) to study the tactic and operating issues related to JIT production using Petri nets.

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  • Manufacturing Cell Formation in a Fuzzy Environment. (1993-1995).

    The main purpose of this project is to apply fuzzy set theory to model manufacturing cell formation problems in a fuzzy environment. Two comprehensive fuzzy integer programming models were developed to simultaneously form manufacturing cells (i.e., to group parts with similar design features or processing requirements into part families and the corresponding machines into machine cells) and deal with exceptional elements. Heuristic genetic algorithm procedures were developed to improve computational efficiency.

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RESEARCH GRANTS RECEIVED:

  1. Principal Investigator (with Wang, Y. F. and Yen, W. L.), "Intelligent Technology for Manufacturing Cell Formation and Group Scheduling," National Science Foundation of China, December 1998. (Pending).
  2. Principal Investigator (with Wang, Y. F. and Hu, P. M.), "Genetic Algorithms for Multi-Criteria Cell Formation Problems," Science & Technology Committee, Hebei Province, China. December 1998. Awarded.
  3. Co-Principal Investigator, "A Synthetic Learning Environment (SLE) for Global Manufacturing Education Reform," Promag Program, Iowa State University, 1998. Awarded $17,000.
  4. "Manufacturing Cell Formation in a Fuzzy Environment," Iowa Center for Emerging Manufacturing Technology, January 1993. Awarded $15,000.
  5. "A Neural Network Approach to the Analysis of Control Charts," Competitive Summer Research Grants, College of Business, Iowa State University, 1993. $5,000.
  6. Received two DEC UNIX workstations from the Project Vincent, Iowa State University, June 1991. Awarded retail value for up to $20,000.
  7. "NWP: NeuralWorks Professional II (PC Version)", NeuralWare, Inc. Pittsburgh, PA., October 1990. Awarded retail value for $5,000.
  8. Received four DEC UNIX workstations from the Project Vincent, Iowa State University, May 1990. Awarded retail value for up to $50,000.
  9. "A Fuzzy Clustering Approach to Manufacturing Cell Formation," Competitive Summer Research Grants, College of Business, Iowa State University, 1990. $5,000.
  10. "An Integer Optimization Model for Forming Machine Cells," Professional Advancement Grant, Graduate College at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1989/1990. $500.
  11. "An Efficient 01 Integer Programming Model for Manufacturing Cellular Formation," Competitive Summer Research Grants, College of Business, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1989. $5,000.
  12. "A Micro-Based DSS for Line Balancing," Bernard M. Baruch College, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, 1985. $3,000.

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SUPERVISED DISSERTATION/THESES:

  1. Carey Chou, "Genetic Algorithms for Communication Networks Design," MS Thesis, College of Business, Iowa State University, May 1998.
  2. Amelia Wong, "Applying Quality Function Deployment Approaches to Software / Information Systems Development," Creative Component, Graduate College, Iowa State University, May 1998.
  3. Yan Zhou, "Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) Neural Networks and Their Applications in Cell Formation," College of Business, Iowa State University, May 1997.
  4. Edward Chang, "Neural Networks for Selected Optimization Problems," MS Thesis, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, August 1996.
  5. Chang-Chun Tsai, "Manufacturing Cell Formation in a Fuzzy Environment," Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, August 1995.
  6. Ding Wang, "Strategies and Framework of Technological Diffusion in China," Creative Component, Graduate College, Iowa State University. August 1995.
  7. Te-Chin Chang, "Modeling JIT Production Systems with Kanban Using Petri Nets," Master Thesis, College of Business, Iowa State University, May 1995.
  8. Chou, Chung-I, "Neural Network Approaches for Control Charts Analysis," Creative Component, College of Business, Iowa State University, May 1995.
  9. Ling-Feng Li, "A Heuristic Approach Based on the Set Theory for Manufacturing Cell Formation," Creative Component College of Business, Iowa State University, May 1993.
  10. David Sutandae, "A Heuristic Algorithm for Capacity Requirement Planning," Creative Component, College of Business, Iowa State University, July 1991.
  11. Wei-Ling Shih, "A Simulated Annealing Based Heuristic for Manufacturing Cell Formation," Creative Component, College of Business, Iowa State University, July 1991.
  12. Patchara Nuntavoraset, "An Expert System for Financial Planning," Creative Component, College of Business, Iowa State University, May 1991.
  13. Randal Lee Fingarson, "The Development of Warranty Information Systems," Creative Component, College of Business, Iowa State University, November 1990.
  14. Djohan Widjaja, "The Design of a Neural Network Based Forecasting System," Creative Component, College of Business, Iowa State University, December 1990.
  15. Juei-Juan Hsu, "A Knowledge-Based Prototype Systems for Personal Asset Mix Selection," Creative Component, College of Business, Iowa State University, July 1990.
  16. Hongjin Choi, "Comparisons of Learning Curve Models: An Experimental Analysis," Creative Component, College of Business, Iowa State University, April 1990.
  17. Kar-Yan Tsang, "On the Development of a Forecasting Expert System," Creative Component, College of Business, Iowa State University, April 1990.
  18. Anastasia Rosalina Lourits, "An Analytical Hierarchy Process Model for Evaluating Accounting Information Systems," Creative Component, College of Business, Iowa State University, January 1990.
  19. Douglas J. Leif, "Requirement Analysis of a Nutritional Expert System," Creative Component, College of Business, Iowa State University, December 1989.
  20. Peiching Pan, "A Comparison of Hierarchical Clustering Techniques for Manufacturing Cell Formation," Creative Component, College of Business, Iowa State University, August 1988.
  21. May-Shing Tsai, "A Comparison of Three Array-Based Clustering Techniques for Manufacturing Cell Formation," Creative Component, College of Business, Iowa State University, May 1988.

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