D R A F T
last revised May 30, 1998
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Speech Communication 503 |
Thomas W. Benson office hours: Tues 1-4:30 and by appt. |
A graduate seminar in the practice of rhetorical criticism, with
an emphasis on the working practices of critics of primarily oral,
written, and media texts in the discipline of speech communication.
Students will read widely in rhetorical criticism and interpretive
theory and will write an extended seminar paper. The seminar is
conceived as an intensive, advanced workshop in rhetorical
criticism.
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Seminar Papers: You are asked to prepare a major,
article-length seminar paper--a rhetorical analysis of a single text
or group of texts. Subject the text to a close textual analysis,
situated in whatever contexts (theoretical, situational, historical)
seem appropriate to support interpretive work. A central feature of
the seminar will be the sequential preparation of the paper, followed
by shared editorial consultation and thorough rewriting. The product
will, it is hoped, be a manuscript that might be thought of as an
"expanded" journal article, which, with some judicious cutting, could
be submitted for publication review to a journal. The manuscript will
be "expanded" in the sense that it will probably contain a more
extended review of context and earlier scholarship, and perhaps more
detailed description, than some editors would have space for in a
journal.
Major dates for paper development (all these assignments are due,
typed, double-spaced, one side of paper only, with a title page, on
the dates indicated):
January 26. Topic due, in writing. Briefly identify the
text(s) you wish to analyze and the central critical problems or
questions you wish to investigate. What is the text? Where is it
available? What, at this point, strike you as issues, questions, or
problems worth investigating? (1-2 pages) It is strongly suggested
that you talk with me before choosing a text for analysis. In any
case, do not choose a text that you have written on for another
class.
February 9. Research proposal. (2-4 pp.) A description of the
topic you have chosen, the central question you will address in your
analysis, the significance of your study, critical procedures that
seem likely to be productive, relevant theoretical and methodological
considerations, definitions of key terms, brief identification of the
scholarly literatures most likely to contextualize your study
(previous studies of your text, of similar texts, of similar
questions, theoretical perspectives, descriptions of method or uses
of methods similar to those you propose). Preliminary
bibliography.
February 23. Review of literature. By this time you should
have identified the scholarly literature (books, journal articles,
and dissertations) bearing on (1) your research question, (2) the
text you have chosen to analyze, (3) your mode of analysis, and (4)
major theoretical issues, if any, that drive or are interrogated by
your proposed analysis. Early in the semester, schedule a session
with a research librarian at Pattee Library for advice on searching
the literature bearing on your topic. You should be familiar with
LIAS (including the UNCOVER and ERIC databases), with Dissertation
Abstracts, and with various indices to scholarly literature that
are available on CD-ROM. Be sure to consult standard bibliographies
in the field, especially R. Matlon, Index to Journals in
Communication Studies through 1990; for journals in speech
communication since 1990, you may need to leaf through by hand; note
that the Matlon Index is also available on CD-ROM--a copy is
available in Pattee Library. In this paper (a revised version of
which will become part of your final paper), "review" the literature
so as to give both an overview of the literature and a focused
account of how it bears on your own project. A careful review at this
point will allow you to identify, in the final paper, the ways in
which your own findings confirm, extend, modify, or contradict the
existing literature.
March 16. Context--political, historical, organizational,
ideological; production and reception. History and authenticity of
the text.
March 30. First draft of paper due. A complete and finished
version of the paper, suitable for formal review. Include title page,
abstract, paper, endnotes if any, and list of works cited.
March 31 - April 13. Editorial reviews of first draft. Each
student will read and respond in writing to several other student
papers with suggestions for revisions.
April 20, 27. Final oral reports to class.
May 5. Seminar paper due.
Paper Style. In preparing your papers, follow the style
guidelines presented in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research
Papers, 4th edition. Use the citation method that employs a list
of works cited and parenthetical references in the text. If you use
commentative notes in addition, use endnotes rather than footnotes.
It is a good idea for a writer to have a basic grammar reference
handy; one widely used guide that I recommend is Diana Hacker, A
Writer's Reference, 3rd ed. (New York: St. Martin's,
1995).
Computer. Students will be expected to be able to use the Penn
State computer access system, including ELECTRONIC MAIL, NEWSGROUPS,
and the WORLD WIDE WEB to participate in the seminar. Workshops are
offered by the Center for Academic Computing. Computer assignments
will include twice-weekly exchanges of notes on the reading for the
week. It is expected that seminar papers will be prepared on a
microcomputer word processing system, to allow for precision of
formatting and ease of revision. For those who do not own computers,
there are labs available on campus.
Electronic Mail and Class Electronic Discussion. The primary
discussions in this seminar will be conducted face-to-face, on Monday
afternoons, and throughout the rest of the week on the computer.
Although it is hoped that participation will be intense and ongoing,
at least the following deadlines must be met: (1) A contribution to
discussion each Saturday afternoon by 5 p.m. responding to the
reading that is assigned for the following Monday. (2) A followup
contribution by Wednesday at 5 p.m. extending --with specific
reference to the week's reading--some aspect of class discussion (or
raising an issue that did not make it into the discussion).
Occasionally, the instructor will supply the question or an alternate
assignment. When there is no assigned topic, please try to frame a
proposition or question for discussion, relate it to some part of the
readings, quote or paraphrase the relevant passage in the reading
(including a page reference), and sketch a reasoned
discussion-opener. In these conversations, your opinions are
important, but we should also work beyond mere clash (or coincidence)
of opinion to mutual enlightenment and a shared willingness to learn
new ways of thinking. Send your notes for class discussion to the
Listserv address spcom503@lists.psu.edu. To be sure that you are
listed as a member of the discussion list, forward your e-mail
address and your name to me by electronic mail -- t3b@psu.edu. If you
use more than one e-mail account, I can list more than one address
for you.
Academic Integrity. Submission of all written work in this
course is taken to imply that the work is your own unless otherwise
indicated. Please be careful to document the work of others where
appropriate. Under no circumstances submit for credit in this course
any work that has been submitted in other courses. In selecting a
text for critical analysis for your seminar paper, do not write about
a text that is part of the syllabus of other courses you have taken
without special permission.
Grades. All elements of your work in this seminar will be
considered in formulating a final grade for the course--participation
(in class and on-line) 20%; written work (including first and final
drafts of the seminar paper, progressive development of various
stages of the paper, and editorial comments on peer reviewed papers)
80%.
Texts:
Benson, Thomas W., ed. American Rhetoric: Context and
Criticism. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press,
1989.
Benson, Thomas W., ed. Landmark Essays on Rhetorical
Criticism. Davis, CA: Hermagoras Press, 1993.
Benson, Thomas W., ed. Rhetoric and Political Culture in
Nineteenth-Century America. East Lansing: Michigan State
University Press, 1997.
Brock, Bernard L., Robert L. Scott, and James W. Chesebro, eds.
Methods of Rhetorical Criticism: A Twentieth-Century
Perspective. 3rd ed. Detroit: Wayne State University Press,
1989.
Medhurst, Martin J., ed. Landmark Essays on American Public
Address. Davis, CA: Hermagoras Press, 1993.
Nothstine, William L., Carole Blair, and Gary A. Copeland.
Critical Questions: Invention, Creativity, and the Criticism of
Discourse and Media. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.
Additional Readings:
It is expected that you will be reading widely in rhetorical
criticism during the semester, particularly in areas that support the
development of your seminar paper. The following books and articles
are recommended as a starting point--for grounding this course and
for exploring other ways of conceiving the subject. Even so, the
following works are only a sample. The emphasis of the following
readings is heavily, but not exclusively, directed to writings in the
discipline of Speech Communication, but it seems clear from reading
the best critics that rhetorical criticism is an interdisciplinary
field of practice, drawing widely on theoretical, historical,
philosophical, and literary work in the humanities and human
sciences.
Books:
Andrews, James R. The Practice of Rhetorical Criticism.
New York: Longman, 1990.
Arnold, Carroll C. Criticism of Oral Rhetoric. Columbus, OH:
Merrill, 1974.
Bitzer, Lloyd F., and Edwin Black. The Prospect of Rhetoric.
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1971.
Black, Edwin. Rhetorical Criticism: A Study in Method. New
York: Macmillan, 1965.
Black, Edwin. Rhetorical Questions. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1992.
Booth, Wayne C. The Company We Keep: An Ethics of Fiction.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
Booth, Wayne C. The Rhetoric of Fiction. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1961.
Brigance, W. Norwood, ed. A History and Criticism of American
Public Address. 2 vol. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1943.
Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs, ed. Women Public Speakers in the United
States, 1800-1925: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Westport: Greenwood
Press, 1993.
Farrell, Thomas B. Norms of Rhetorical Culture. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1993.
Foss, Sonja K., ed. Rhetorical Criticism: Exploration and
Practice. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1989.
Hart, Roderick P. Modern Rhetorical Criticism. Glenview, IL:
Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown, 1990.
Herrick, James A. The Radical Rhetoric of the English Deists: The
Discourse of Skepticism, 1680-1750. Columbia, SC: University of
South Carolina Press, 1997.
Hochmuth, Marie, ed. A History and Criticism of American Public
Address. Vol. 3. New York: Russell & Russell, 1955.
Hogan, J. Michael, ed. Rhetoric and Community. Columbia, SC:
University of South Carolina Press, 1998.
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. Eloquence in an Electronic Age: The
Transformation of Political Speechmaking. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1988.
Leff, Michael C., and Fred J. Kauffeld, eds. Texts in Context:
Critical Dialogues on Significant Episodes in American Political
Rhetoric. Davis, CA: Hermagoras Press, 1989.
Mailloux, Steven. Rhetorical Power. Ithaca, NY: Cornell
University Press, 1989.
Medhurst, Martin J., ed. Beyond the Rhetorical Presidency.
College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1996.
Medhurst, Martin J., Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert
Scott. Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology.
Revised edition. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press,
1997.
Nichols, Marie Hochmuth. Rhetoric and Criticism. Baton Rouge,
LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1963.
Peterson, Tarla Rai. Sharing the Earth: The Rhetoric of
Sustainable Development. Columbia, SC: University of South
Carolina Press, 1997.
Poulakos, Takis. Speaking for the Polis: Isocrates' Rhetorical
Education. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press,
1997.
Thonssen, Lester, A. Craig Baird, and Waldo W. Braden. Speech
Criticism. 2d ed. New York: Ronald Press, 1970.
Wallace, Karl R., ed. History of Speech Education in America:
Background Studies. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1954.
Wertheimer, Molly Meijer. Listening to Their Voices: The
Rhetorical Activities of Historical Women. Columbia, SC:
University of South Carolina Press, 1997.
White, Eugene E. The Context of Human Discourse: A Configurational
Criticism of Rhetoric. Columbia: University of South Carolina
Press, 1992.
Articles:
Some of these materials are available on-line through Pattee
Library's electronic reserve system; point your internet browser to
http://reserve.libraries.psu.edu
Altman, Karen E. "Consuming Ideology: The Better Homes in American
Campaign." Critical Studies in Mass Communication 7 (1990):
286-307.
Baskerville, Barnett. "Joe McCarthy: Briefcase Demagogue." Today's
Speech 2 (September 1954): 8-15.
Benson, Thomas W. "Another Shooting in Cowtown." Quarterly Journal
of Speech 67 (1981): 347-406.
Benson, Thomas W. "Rhetoric and Autobiography: The Case of Malcolm
X." Quarterly Journal of Speech 60 (1974): 1-13. On electronic
reserve.
Benson, Thomas W. "The Rhetorical Structure of Frederick Wiseman's "
High School"." Communication Monographs. 47 (1980):
233-261.
Benson, Thomas W. "The Rhetorical Structure of Frederick Wiseman's
"Primate"." Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985):
204-217.
Benson, Thomas W. "The Senses of Rhetoric: A Topical System for
Critics." Central States Speech Journal 29 (1978):
237-250.
Birdsell, David S. "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility
and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad."
Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987): 267-279.
Bitzer, Lloyd. "The Rhetorical Situation." Philosophy and
Rhetoric 1 (1968): 1-14.
Black, Edwin. "Electing Time." Quarterly Journal of Speech 59
(1973): 125-129.
Black, Edwin. "Gettysburg and Silence." Quarterly Journal of
Speech 80 (1994): 21-36. On electronic reserve.
Black, Edwin. "Ideological Justifications." Quarterly Journal of
Speech 70 (1984): 144-150. On electronic reserve.
Black, Edwin. "A Note on Theory and Practice in Rhetorical
Criticism." Western Journal of Speech Communication 44 (1980):
331-336.
Black, Edwin. "Secrecy and Disclosure as Rhetorical Forms."
Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988): 133-150.
Black, Edwin. "The Sentimental Style as Escapism, or the Devil with
Dan'l Webster." Form and Genre: Shaping Rhetorical Action. Ed.
Karlyn Kohrs Campbell and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Falls Church, VA:
Speech Communication Association, 1978.
Blair, Carol, Julie R. Brown, and Leslie A. Baxter. "Disciplining the
Feminine." Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 383-409. On
electronic reserve.
Bormann, Ernest G. "Fantasy and Rhetorical Vision: The Rhetorical
Criticism of Social Reality." Quarterly Journal of Speech 58
(1973): 143-159.
Browne, Nick. "The Spectator-in-the-Text: The Rhetoric of
Stagecoach." Film Quarterly (December 1975): 26-38.
Browne, Stephen H. "Edmund Burke's Letter to a Noble Lord: A Textual
Study in Political Philosophy and Rhetorical Action."
Communication Monographs 55 (1988): 215-229.
Browne, Stephen H. "'Like Gory Spectres': Representing Evil in
Theodore Weld's American Slavery As It Is." Quarterly Journal of
Speech 80 (1994): 277-292.
Browne, Stephen H. "The Political Uses of Pastoral: Rhetorical
Dynamics in John Dickinson's First Letter from a Farmer in
Pennsylvania." Quarterly Journal of Speech 76 (1990):
46-57.
Browne, Stephen H. "Reading Public Memory in Daniel Webster's
Plymouth Rock Oration." Western Journal of Communication 57
(1993): 464-477. On electronic reserve.
Burke, Kenneth. "Antony on Behalf of the Play." The Philosophy of
Literary Form. 3d ed. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1973. 329-343. On electronic reserve.
Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs. "The Rhetoric of Women's Liberation: An
Oxymoron." Quarterly Journal of Speech 59 (1973): 74-86.
Cox, Robert. "The Die Is Cast: Topical and Ontological Dimensions of
the Locus of the Irreperable." Quarterly Journal of
Speech 68 (1982): 227-239.
Darsey, James. "From "Gay is Good" to the Scourge of AIDS: The
Evolution of Gay Liberation Rhetoric, 1977-1990." Communication
Studies 42 (1991): 43-66.
Darsey, James. "The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic "Ethos" as
Radical Argument." Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988):
434-452. On electronic reserve.
Darsey, James. "Must We All Be Rhetorical Theorists?: An Anti-
Democratic inquiry." Western Journal of Communication 58
(1994): 164-181. On electronic reserve.
Farrell, Thomas, and Thomas Goodnight. "Accidental Rhetoric: The Root
Metaphors of Three Mile Island." Communication Monographs 49
(1981): 271-300.
Fisher, Walter R. "Narration as a Human Communication Paradigm: The
Case of Public Moral Argument." Communication Monographs 51
(1984): 1-22.
Gregg, Richard B. "The Criticism of Symbolic Inducement: A
Critical-Theoretical Connection." Speech Communication in the 20th
Century. Ed. Thomas W. Benson. Carbondale: Southern Illinois
University Press, 1985. 41-62. On electronic reserve.
Gregg, Richard B. "The Ego-Function of the Rhetoric of Protest."
Philosophy and Rhetoric 4 (1971): 71-91.
Griffin, Leland M. "The Rhetorical Structure of the Antimasonic
Movement." The Rhetorical Idiom. Ed. Donald Bryant. Ithaca,
NY: Cornell University Press, 1958. 145-160. On electronic
reserve.
Griffin, Leland M. "The Rhetorical Structure of Historical
Movements." Quarterly Journal of Speech 38 (1952): 184-188. On
electronic reserve.
Hart, Roderick P. " Contemporary Scholarship in Public Address: A
Research Editorial." Western Journal of Speech Communication
50 (1986): 283-295. On electronic reserve.
Hart, Roderick P. "Doing Criticism My Way: A Reply to Darsey."
Western Journal of Communication 58 (1994): 308-312. On
electronic reserve.
Hart, Roderick P. "Theory-Building and Rhetorical Criticism: An
Informal Statement of Opinion." Central States Speech Journal
27 (1976): 70-77. On electronic reserve.
Hikins, James W. "The Rhetoric of 'Unconditional Surrender' and the
Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb." Quarterly Journal of Speech
69 (1983): 379-400.
Hill, Forbes. "Conventional Wisdom--Traditional Form--The President's
Message of November 3, 1969." Quarterly Journal of Speech 58
(1972): 373-386.
Hyde, Michael J. "Medicine, Rhetoric, and Euthanasia: A Case Study in
the Workings of a Postmodern Discourse." Quarterly Journal of
Speech 79 (1993): 201-224. On electronic reserve.
Ivie, Robert L. "Metaphor and the Rhetorical Invention of Cold War
'Idealists'." Communication Monographs 54 (1987): 165-182.
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. "Generic Constraints and the Rhetorical
Situation." Philosophy and Rhetoric 6 (1973): 162-170.
Jasinski, James. "The Feminization of Liberty, Domesticated Virtue,
and the Reconstitution of Power and Authority in Early American
Political Discourse." Quarterly Journal of Speech 79 (1993):
146-164.
Leff, Michael. "Dimensions of Temporality in Lincoln's Second
Inaugural." Communication Reports 1 (1988): 26-31.
Leff, Michael. "Interpretation and the Art of the Rhetorical Critic."
Western Journal of Speech Communication 44 (1980): 337-349. On
electronic reserve.
Leff, Michael. "Introduction: Rhetorical Criticism: The State of the
Art." Western Journal of Speech Communication 44 (1980):
264.
Leff, Michael. Rhetorical Timing in Lincoln's House Divided
Speech. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, 1983. On
electronic reserve.
Leff, Michael. "Textual Criticism: The Legacy of G. P. Mohrmann."
Quarterly Journal of Speech 72 (1986): 377-389.
Leff, Michael, and Gerald P. Mohrmann. "Lincoln at Cooper Union: A
Rhetorical Analysis of the Text." Quarterly Journal of Speech
60 (1974): 346-358.
Leff, Michael, and Andrew Sachs. "Words the Most Like Things:
Iconicity and the Rhetorical Text." Western Journal of Speech
Communication 54 (1990): 252-273. On electronic reserve.
Lewis, William F. "Telling America's Story: Narrative Form and the
Reagan Presidency." Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987):
280-302.
Ling, David A. "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's
Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969." Central
States Speech Journal 21 (1970): 81-86.
Lucaites, John Louis, and Celeste Michelle Condit. "Reconstructing
<Equality>: Culturetypal and Counter-Cultural Rhetorics in the
Martyred Black Vision." Communication Monographs 57 (1990):
5-25. On electronic reserve.
Lucas, Stephen E. "The Renaissance of American Public Address: Text
and Context in Rhetorical Criticism." Quarterly Journal of
Speech 74 (1988): 241-260.
Lucas, Stephen E. "The Schism in Rhetorical Scholarship."
Quarterly Journal of Speech 67 (1981): 1-20.
McGee, Michael C. "The Fall of Wellington: A Case Study of the
Relationship between Theory, Practice, and Rhetoric in History."
Quarterly Journal of Speech 63 (1977): 28-42.
McGee, Michael Calvin. "The 'Ideograph': A Link Between Rhetoric and
Ideology." Quarterly Journal of Speech 66 (1980): 1-16. On
electronic reserve.
McGee, Michael C. "In Search of 'The People': A Rhetorical
Alternative." Quarterly Journal of Speech 61 (1975): 235-49.
On electronic reserve.
McGee, Michael Calvin. "Social Movement as Meaning." Central
States Speech Journal 34 (1983): 74-77.
McGee, Michael Calvin. " "Social Movement": Phenomenon or Meaning?"
Central States Speech Journal 31 (1980): 233-244.
McGee, Michael Calvin. "Text, Context, and the Fragmentation of
Contemporary Culture." Western Journal of Speech Communication
54 (1990): 274-289. On electronic reserve.
McKerrow, Raymie E. "Critical Rhetoric: Theory and Praxis."
Communication Monographs 56 (1989): 91-111. On electronic
reserve.
Medhurst, Martin J. "Public Address and Significant Scholarship: Four
Challenges to the Rhetorical Renaissance." Texts in Context.
Ed. Michael C. Leff and Fred Kauffeld. Davis, CA: Hermagoras Press,
1989. 29-42.
Medhurst, Martin J., and Thomas W. Benson. " "The City": The Rhetoric
of Rhythm." Communication Monographs 48 (1981): 54-72. On
electronic reserve.
Mohrmann, Gerald P., and Michael Leff. "Lincoln at Cooper Union: A
Rationale for Neo-Classical Criticism." Quarterly Journal of
Speech 60 (1974): 459-467.
Murphy, John M. "Civic Republicanism in the Modern Age: Adlai
Stevenson in the 1952 Presidential Campaign." Quarterly Journal of
Speech 80 (1992): 313-328.
Ong, Walter J. "The Writer's Audience Is Always a Fiction."
Interfaces of the Word. Ithaca: Cornell University Press,
1977. 53-81.
Osborn, Michael. "Archetypal Metaphor in Rhetoric: The Light-Dark
Family." Quarterly Journal of Speech 1967 (1967): 115-126.
Peterson, Tarla Rai. "The Rhetorical Construction of Institutional
Authority in a Senate Subcommittee Hearing on Wilderness
Legislation." Western Journal of Speech Communication 52
(1988): 259-276.
Rosenfield, Lawrence W. "The Anatomy of Critical Discourse."
Speech Monographs 35 (1968): 50-69. On electronic reserve.
Rosenfield, Lawrence W. "The Experience of Criticism." Quarterly
Journal of Speech 60 (1974): 489-496.
Rushing, Janice Hocker. "Evolution of 'The New Frontier' in
Alien and Aliens: Patriarchal Co-optation of the
Feminine Archetype." Quarterly Journal of Speech 75 (1989):
1-24. On electronic reserve.
Rushing, Janice Hocker. "The Rhetoric of the American Western Myth."
Communication Monographs 50 (1983): 14-32.
Scott, Robert L. "On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic." Central
States Speech Journal 38 (1967): 9-17.
Simons, Herbert W. "Requirements, Problems, and Strategies: A Theory
of Persuasion for Social Movements." Quarterly Journal of
Speech 56 (1970): 1-11. On electronic reserve.
Solomon, Martha. "Ideology as Rhetorical Constraint: The Anarchist
Agitation of "Red Emma" Goldman." Quarterly Journal of Speech
74 (1988): 184-200.
Solomon, Martha. "The "Positive Woman's" Journey: A Mythic Analysis
of the Rhetoric of STOP ERA." Quarterly Journal of Speech 65
(1979): 262-274.
Solomon, Martha. "The Rhetoric of STOP ERA: Fatalistic
Reaffirmation." Southern Speech Communication Journal 44
(1978): 42-59.
Solomon, Martha. ""With Firmness in the Right": The Creation of Moral
Hegemony in Lincoln's Second Inaugural." Communication Reports
1 (1988): 32-37.
Stelzner, Hermann G. "The Quest Story and Nixon's November 3, 1969
Address." Quarterly Journal of Speech 57 (1971): 163-172.
Wander, Philip. "The Ideological Turn in Modern Criticism."
Central States Speech Journal 34 (1983): 1-18. On electronic
reserve.
Ware, B. L., and Wil A. Linkugel. "They Spoke in Defense of
Themselves: On the Generic Criticism of Apologia." Quarterly
Journal of Speech 59 (1973): 273-283. On electronic reserve.
White, Eugene E. "Solomon Stoddard's Theories of Persuasion."
Speech Monographs 29 (1962): 235-259.
Wilson, John F. "Harding's Rhetoric of Normalcy, 1920-1923."
Quarterly Journal of Speech 48 (1962): 406-411.
Wilson, John F. "Rhetorical Echoes of a Wilsonian Idea." Quarterly
Journal of Speech 43 (1957): 271-272.
Wrage, Ernest J. "Public Address: A Study in Social and Intellectual
History." Quarterly Journal of Speech 33 (1947): 451-457.
Zarefsky, David. "The State of the Art in Public Address
Scholarship." Texts in Context. Ed. Michael C. Leff and Fred
Kauffeld. Davis, CA: Hermagoras Press, 1989. 13-28.
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