Thomas W. Benson: October 2007 Archives
We had the first frost of the season yesterday, October 29, 2007. The days are still warm -- in the 50s and 60s, but we've been down to freezing and below two nights in a row, and leaves are falling fast.
Here's a news release from the Penn State office of information today:
Acoustics team documents crowd noise effect on opposition
Monday, October 29, 2007How loud was the crowd at Beaver Stadium on Saturday?
"They were a lot louder earlier in the game," said Andrew Barnard -- and he has more than anecdotal evidence to back up his assertion. While Joe Paterno led the Nittany Lions on the field, Barnard, a doctoral candidate in acoustics and research assistant in the Applied Research Laboratory's structural acoustics department, led a team of his own on the sidelines, measuring the noise levels throughout the game.
"The loudest level we recorded was a peak sound pressure level (SPL) of 122 decibels (dB). That is loud enough to cause physical pain on the ear drum," Barnard said. "The crowd only achieved these levels for very short bursts, on the order of 10 milliseconds. The loudest SPL we recorded averaged over a second or more was about 110 dB."
By the fourth quarter, with Penn State trailing the Buckeyes, noise readings were down around the 80 to 90 decibel range, roughly equivalent to a noisy vacuum cleaner or a motorcycle. At that level, the Buckeyes were able to communicate fairly easily with raised or very loud voices at distances up to 32 feet. The highest noise reading recorded in the fourth quarter was 100 decibels, which is equivalent to a riding lawn mower and makes communication difficult, but possible by shouting.
The acoustics exercise, while interesting, also serves some practical purposes for Penn State.
In addition to measuring the sound, the team made mono and stereo recordings of crowd noise for the football team to use in their practice facility. The recordings are calibrated to enable crews to set up the speaker system to play crowd noise at the same levels or slightly louder that it was at the game to help the team prepare for upcoming away games at loud stadiums.
The acoustics team also is able to use the data to evaluate the effects of crowd noise on the opponents, and to educate football fans about the amount of noise they create and how that affects communication among the players on the field.
"We recorded almost the entire game, so we will have lots of interesting data to look at," Barnard said. "The one thing we did notice immediately was the stark difference between when Penn State was on offense and defense. When Penn State was on offense and the quarterback was calling plays, the SPL measured near the student section was about 80 decibels (dB). When the Ohio State quarterback was calling plays at the line of scrimmage, the crown noise was about 110 dB."
Decibels are logarithmic, so an increase of 20 dB is like increasing the SPL by 10 times. An increase of 30 dB is an increase in the SPL of about 30 times. That means the crowd increases in SPL output by 30 times when the opponents are trying to call plays.
What does that amount to for communication on the field? "When the Penn State quarterback is shouting plays, he can be heard and understood roughly 32 feet away. When the Ohio State quarterback was shouting plays, he could only be heard and understood about 1.5 feet away. This means that their offensive tackles, tight ends, receivers, and running backs likely couldn't hear the snap count or audibles. That's a pretty stark difference, and I think it shows that the Penn State crowd is well-educated on when it pays off for them to loud and when it pays to quiet down."
Barnard's team members on Saturday were: Lance Locey, doctoral student in acoustics; Jason Bostron, master's student in acoustics; Stephen Hambric, acoustics faculty member, Barnard's adviser and department head of the ARL Structural Acoustics Department; and Anthony Atchley, Acoustics Department chair.
Is it possible that encouraging fans to make so much noise (and to create visual distractions) amounts to poor sportsmanship? I was always taught so, but things seem to have changed.
CIC universities on Author's Rights and Publishing Agreements
Members of National Communication Association, my discipline's primary academic association, have sometimes complained that their access to work they have published in NCA journals has in some ways changed since the organization licensed the journals to Taylor and Francis. In response to a growing trend across many disciplines for copyright ownership to shift from author and academic organization to a large for-profit corporation, the provosts of the CIC universities (the Big Ten plus the University of Chicago) have developed a draft proposal urging authors at their institutions to seek an addendum to their contracts with such publishers.
You can find a copy of the proposed agreement at the Penn State Faculty Senate site.
Related documents may be found on the web sites of other CIC institutions. Here's is a link to the University of Illinois report to its Faculty Senate.
Some of the Faculty Senates at CIC institutions have, I believe, adopted this draft. Others are still considering it. The outcome of the shifting patterns in the political economy of academic publication will have consequences, sometimes hard to trace, for publishers, authors, libraries, readers (both on and off campus), and for the generation of knowledge itself.
This has been a curious year -- and more -- in local politics. The State College, Pennsylvania, school district developed a plan to renovate the high school. Their plan was opposed by some unwilling to spend the money and by others who did not like the idea of a large, single high school for a growing town. Opposition to the plan became more heated, with accusations that the Board was refusing to listen to citizens. In the spring primary, a slate of five candidates opposed to the Board's high school renovation swept the election and are now poised to control the school board after the November election.
The challengers spent a lot of money on the primary, much of it donated by developers and related business interests, and appear to be spending heavily on the fall election campaign. Some citizens are supporting two write-in candidates -- here's Christopher Long's argument.
Supporters for the slate of five challengers -- who control the ballot on both the Republican and Democratic ticket -- are appealing to voters to "Finish What We Started."
It is still not clear where the probable new board will take the district, but we do appear to be in for a change. Perhaps it is a bad sign that as soon as the challengers swept the primary, their lament that their side was not being heard was replaced by the new theme that the supporters of the outgoing board should sit down and shut up.
The summer study-abroad program of the Department of Communication Arts & Sciences is now accepting applications for next summer.
The program is open to students from any major and from any Penn State campus, and we have always been able to accept a few students from universities other than Penn State.
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