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I love history in general. Mine or anyone elses. Since I have a large collection of resource books, I volunteer to do lookups in them for others. When a request came to me to do a lookup for Indian John Miller, I knew I had a good bit of information in many different places. This was a great excuse to cull it all together and add some coherent notes into my database for my 7th great-grand-uncle. (i.e., brother to my 7th great-grandmother). Of my 7G-grandmother who married Benedict Lehman, I know virtually nothing, not even her first name, but her brother was a big part of Somerset County lore. So...
According to Gingerich & Kreider(1) John Miller was know by the names "Wounded John" "Crippled John" or "Indian John." He was born in Europe and died in Somerset County PA in 1798.
DJH (2) p. 953. states that "John MIller, was wounded by the Indians when they were taking the family of Jacob Hostetler into captivity." That means that it also puts John living in the Northkill Settlement, Berks Co., PA in Sept. 1757. Since that was the date and place of the Indian attack mentioned. He later moved to Somerset County as did many of the Amish in that area. DJH p. 953 also mentions that it gets it's information from an account of the Indian John Miller family by Moses B. Miller of Geistown, PA.
This family info is from G&K p. 270. Order of issue uncertain. All children were born in Berks Co, PA . children of John Miller & ?:
Somerset county orphans Court records July 28, 1798 show Magdalena widow of John Miller renouncing the right to administer the estate in favor of eldest son John and son-in-law Joseph Speicher. G&K (still p. 270) notes that Magdalena MAY have been Indian John's second wife and therefore NOT the mother of his children. But it's also possible that she was indeed his only wife. The reason for the confusion over the wife is as follows: "A near neighbor of wounded John was Benedict Lehman. Since a grandson of Wounded John was named Benedict Miller and since Benedict is a quite uncommon name among the Amish in America except for the Benedict Miller's descendants, it seems likely that there was some connection between the Miller and Lehman families. Benedict Lehman was on the ship list of Oct. 8, 1737 with apparently a son benedict on the list of women and children but no daughter Magdalena. Thus the widow of Wounded John Miller could not have been a daughter of Benedict Lehman But Barbara or Catherine Lehman, probable daughters of Benedict on the ship list might have been the first wife of Wounded John and the mother of his children.
As to when John Miller arrived in America, no one is quite certain, but G&K. p. 269 offers up the following:
"Among the many well-known Amish names on the 9/15/1749 ship list are Hannes Miller, Jacob Miller, Christian Miller, Peter Miller, Jacob Mishler, Joseph Mishler, Benedict Lehman, David Miller, and Abraham Kurtz. It seems likely that three or more of the MILLERs named above were members of the Miller family under consideration. Since the real name of Wounded John's son John was Hannas, it's likely that Wounded John's real name was also that and the Hannes Miller listed might well have been "Wounded John."
And in case that really is him, here's the information from the ships list. (see source 3). "At the Court house at Philadelphia, Friday, the 15th September 1749. The foreigners whose Names are underwritten, imported in the ship Phoenix, John Mason, Master ... did this day take the usual Qualifications to the government. By the List 261. 550 whole freights, from Zweybrech, Nassau, Wirtemberg, and Palitinate." [Just FYI, 550 whole freights were the total number transported. The list has only 261 names since only men over the age of 16 were required to swear allegiance to the English crown.]
Lastly, Indian John was most probably the son of Christian Miller (also listed on the above-mentioned ships list.)
DJH p. 33 says (when describing the story of the captive Hostetler family being marched off) "There is a traditional what while crossing the mountains they passed a cleaning where a man named Miller, was chopping. He was shot at and hit in the hand as he raised his ax; he fled and was not pursued." DBH (see source 4, written after 26 more years of research by the author)) on page 26 relays the exact same language but with a footnote that this Miller was indeed Indian John or Wounded John Miller.
Source list:
According to Gingerich & Kreider(1) John Miller was know by the names "Wounded John" "Crippled John" or "Indian John." He was born in Europe and died in Somerset County PA in 1798.
DJH (2) p. 953. states that "John MIller, was wounded by the Indians when they were taking the family of Jacob Hostetler into captivity." That means that it also puts John living in the Northkill Settlement, Berks Co., PA in Sept. 1757. Since that was the date and place of the Indian attack mentioned. He later moved to Somerset County as did many of the Amish in that area. DJH p. 953 also mentions that it gets it's information from an account of the Indian John Miller family by Moses B. Miller of Geistown, PA.
This family info is from G&K p. 270. Order of issue uncertain. All children were born in Berks Co, PA . children of John Miller & ?:
- Barbara, born circa 1750 married Jacob Hochstetler
- John, born circa 175, married Veronica, nicknamed "Fanny". He died June 13, 1802 in Somerset County
- Jacob, born August 1754, married Anna Stutzman. He died 2/25/1835 in Tuscarawas co., Ohio
- Peter, born 1756 married Mary Stutzman. he died 11/1/1818 in Somerset county.
- Catherine, born circa 1758 married Jacob Kauffman
- Christian born circa 1760, married Veronica. He died in 1839 in Somerset county.
- Joseph, born circa 1762 married first Barbara Speicer, then Barbara Bontrager
- Mary, born circa 1764 married John Schrock
- Veronica "Franey", born circa 1766 married Christian Speicer
- a duaghter born circa, 1768 married Christian Mishler
- Elizabeth, born circa 1770 married Joseph Speicher
Somerset county orphans Court records July 28, 1798 show Magdalena widow of John Miller renouncing the right to administer the estate in favor of eldest son John and son-in-law Joseph Speicher. G&K (still p. 270) notes that Magdalena MAY have been Indian John's second wife and therefore NOT the mother of his children. But it's also possible that she was indeed his only wife. The reason for the confusion over the wife is as follows: "A near neighbor of wounded John was Benedict Lehman. Since a grandson of Wounded John was named Benedict Miller and since Benedict is a quite uncommon name among the Amish in America except for the Benedict Miller's descendants, it seems likely that there was some connection between the Miller and Lehman families. Benedict Lehman was on the ship list of Oct. 8, 1737 with apparently a son benedict on the list of women and children but no daughter Magdalena. Thus the widow of Wounded John Miller could not have been a daughter of Benedict Lehman But Barbara or Catherine Lehman, probable daughters of Benedict on the ship list might have been the first wife of Wounded John and the mother of his children.
As to when John Miller arrived in America, no one is quite certain, but G&K. p. 269 offers up the following:
"Among the many well-known Amish names on the 9/15/1749 ship list are Hannes Miller, Jacob Miller, Christian Miller, Peter Miller, Jacob Mishler, Joseph Mishler, Benedict Lehman, David Miller, and Abraham Kurtz. It seems likely that three or more of the MILLERs named above were members of the Miller family under consideration. Since the real name of Wounded John's son John was Hannas, it's likely that Wounded John's real name was also that and the Hannes Miller listed might well have been "Wounded John."
And in case that really is him, here's the information from the ships list. (see source 3). "At the Court house at Philadelphia, Friday, the 15th September 1749. The foreigners whose Names are underwritten, imported in the ship Phoenix, John Mason, Master ... did this day take the usual Qualifications to the government. By the List 261. 550 whole freights, from Zweybrech, Nassau, Wirtemberg, and Palitinate." [Just FYI, 550 whole freights were the total number transported. The list has only 261 names since only men over the age of 16 were required to swear allegiance to the English crown.]
Lastly, Indian John was most probably the son of Christian Miller (also listed on the above-mentioned ships list.)
DJH p. 33 says (when describing the story of the captive Hostetler family being marched off) "There is a traditional what while crossing the mountains they passed a cleaning where a man named Miller, was chopping. He was shot at and hit in the hand as he raised his ax; he fled and was not pursued." DBH (see source 4, written after 26 more years of research by the author)) on page 26 relays the exact same language but with a footnote that this Miller was indeed Indian John or Wounded John Miller.
Source list:
- (1) Gingerich & Krieder, Amish & Amish Mennonite Genealogies, (Pequea Publishing, Gordonville, PA. 1986.).
- (2)Harvey Hochstetler, Descendants of Jacob Hochstetler, (Gospel Book Store. Reprint. originally published, 1912).
- (3) Strassberger, R. B., Pennsylvania German Pioneers, (Picton Press. Camden, Maine. 1992.). Volume 1, pp. 404-407
- (4)Harvey Hochstetler, Descendants of Barbara Hochstetler and Christian Stutzman, (Gospel Book Store. Reprint. originally published, 1938).
On his return from Lexington, in the night previous to the 19 of April 1775, where he had spent the evening in paying his addresses to the daughter of a Mr. Mulliken, he soon overtook Paul Revere and William Dawes on their way to Concord to alarm the people and apprise them of the intended expedition of British soldiers upon Concord. When the three had arrived near Hartwell's tavern in the lower bounds of Lincoln, they were attacked by four British officers of a scouting party send out the preceding evening. Revere and Dawes were taken prisoners, Prescott was also attacked and had the reins of his horse's bridle cut, but he succeeded in making his escape by jumping his horse over a wall; and taking a circuitous route through Lincoln, pushed on with the utmost speed to Concord, and gave the alarm of the approach of the British. he was subsequently taken prisoner on board of a privateer, and carried into Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he died in prison. [Source: "The Prescott Memorial" by Eben Prescott. page 66.]
Dr. Samuel Prescott (19 Aug 1751 - ?) was the 1st cousin to my 5th great-grandmother Ann Prescott Heywood. (For any Putnams reading this, you read it correctly; he is most closely related through the Heywood side of the family not the Prescott side of the family.) My grandmother had a much fuller speech on this ride that she delivered to her DAR chapter. But I don't know where that got to.
After I first posted this, Uncle Bob sent me the following addition via e-mail. - Your Dr. Sam Prescott story reminded me that I'd never shared with you the same incident as related in Allen French's book "The Day of Lexington & Concord". pp 91ff:
"In the meantime, (William) Dawes [another relative of ours, via the same branch by which Cal Coolidge enters, as I recall, but Nancy can confirm] having arrived (at the Clarke house in Lexington) Revere had set out again with him to alarm Concord. They were overtaken by a young Doctor Samuel Prescott (a Concord man who had been calling on his sweetheart in Lexington) whom they found to be a "high son of Liberty". As they rode Revere told his companions of his experience with the two officers, and his belief that still others were on the road before them. Nevertheless, they went on, arranging to alarm every house, Prescott willingly helping them, and useful because he knew the people. As Revere expected, he came upon more officers; it was when he was again alone, the others having stayed to alarm a house. Seeing before him two officers, as he thought, he called to his friends to come up: "there were two, & we would have them." In an instant he was surrounded by four, and! when young Prescott came up, the officers, with drawn pistols and emphatic oaths and threats, forced them to go through a pair of bars, which had been let down, into a pasture. [this spot is now marked by a tablet]
"When we had got in, Mr. Prescott said "put on,"" and taking to the left, while Revere took to the right, jumped his horse over allow stone wall, and escaped. Revere had no such luck. Observing a small wood, he spurred for that, intending to leap from his horse and escape on foot; but when he reached it, out started six officers, who seized his bridle, and at the muzzle of their pistols made him dismount.
Some of his captors abused him much; later, he said, they insulted him, calling him rebel, which we do not consider as much of an insult as did he. But one of his captors was a gentleman, questioned him courteously, recognized his name, and played a game of bluff with Revere, at which the Yankee had the better. "He said...they were only waiting for some deserters they expected down the road: I told them I knew better, I knew what they were after; that I had alarmed the country all the way up, that their Boats were catch'd aground, and I should have 500 men there soon."
Surprised, these officers called their leader from the road, Major Mitchel of the 5th Regiment. His questions getting no better answer from Revere, he ordered his whole party to the road, and with them Revere and four other prisoners who now appeared from the bushes. These were Solomon Brown, Hancock's messenger to Concord, and two other Lexington men; having fallen into the officer's ambush, they had waited here some two hours. The fourth man was a harmless peddler......at the sound of guns from Lexington) the major... consulted with his subordinates.
....But with Prescott escaped toward Concord, and Dawes vanished back toward Lexington, with Revere's story in their minds, and now this volley of alarm guns in their ears, they well have felt that their mission had come to a fruitless end.
.....Dawes had escaped from the two officers who pursued him by a trick characteristic of the man. Riding at full speed into the next barnyard, he shouted as if to call the inmates of the house to his aid. His horse stopped so quickly that he fell and lost his watch; but though the house was empty, his pursuers departed more quickly still, and he got safely away. The watch was later returned to him. But little more is known of his doings later that night; Dawes is out of the story."
Dr. Samuel Prescott (19 Aug 1751 - ?) was the 1st cousin to my 5th great-grandmother Ann Prescott Heywood. (For any Putnams reading this, you read it correctly; he is most closely related through the Heywood side of the family not the Prescott side of the family.) My grandmother had a much fuller speech on this ride that she delivered to her DAR chapter. But I don't know where that got to.
After I first posted this, Uncle Bob sent me the following addition via e-mail. - Your Dr. Sam Prescott story reminded me that I'd never shared with you the same incident as related in Allen French's book "The Day of Lexington & Concord". pp 91ff:
"In the meantime, (William) Dawes [another relative of ours, via the same branch by which Cal Coolidge enters, as I recall, but Nancy can confirm] having arrived (at the Clarke house in Lexington) Revere had set out again with him to alarm Concord. They were overtaken by a young Doctor Samuel Prescott (a Concord man who had been calling on his sweetheart in Lexington) whom they found to be a "high son of Liberty". As they rode Revere told his companions of his experience with the two officers, and his belief that still others were on the road before them. Nevertheless, they went on, arranging to alarm every house, Prescott willingly helping them, and useful because he knew the people. As Revere expected, he came upon more officers; it was when he was again alone, the others having stayed to alarm a house. Seeing before him two officers, as he thought, he called to his friends to come up: "there were two, & we would have them." In an instant he was surrounded by four, and! when young Prescott came up, the officers, with drawn pistols and emphatic oaths and threats, forced them to go through a pair of bars, which had been let down, into a pasture. [this spot is now marked by a tablet]
"When we had got in, Mr. Prescott said "put on,"" and taking to the left, while Revere took to the right, jumped his horse over allow stone wall, and escaped. Revere had no such luck. Observing a small wood, he spurred for that, intending to leap from his horse and escape on foot; but when he reached it, out started six officers, who seized his bridle, and at the muzzle of their pistols made him dismount.
Some of his captors abused him much; later, he said, they insulted him, calling him rebel, which we do not consider as much of an insult as did he. But one of his captors was a gentleman, questioned him courteously, recognized his name, and played a game of bluff with Revere, at which the Yankee had the better. "He said...they were only waiting for some deserters they expected down the road: I told them I knew better, I knew what they were after; that I had alarmed the country all the way up, that their Boats were catch'd aground, and I should have 500 men there soon."
Surprised, these officers called their leader from the road, Major Mitchel of the 5th Regiment. His questions getting no better answer from Revere, he ordered his whole party to the road, and with them Revere and four other prisoners who now appeared from the bushes. These were Solomon Brown, Hancock's messenger to Concord, and two other Lexington men; having fallen into the officer's ambush, they had waited here some two hours. The fourth man was a harmless peddler......at the sound of guns from Lexington) the major... consulted with his subordinates.
....But with Prescott escaped toward Concord, and Dawes vanished back toward Lexington, with Revere's story in their minds, and now this volley of alarm guns in their ears, they well have felt that their mission had come to a fruitless end.
.....Dawes had escaped from the two officers who pursued him by a trick characteristic of the man. Riding at full speed into the next barnyard, he shouted as if to call the inmates of the house to his aid. His horse stopped so quickly that he fell and lost his watch; but though the house was empty, his pursuers departed more quickly still, and he got safely away. The watch was later returned to him. But little more is known of his doings later that night; Dawes is out of the story."
This was apparently the answer given by my 5th great-grandfather no matter who was asking the question. When my son was studying the Revolutionary War in 6th grade, I showed him a list of all the ancestors he had who fought in the War. (You can be sure that one of these days, I'll get around to putting that list in a blog post.) Anyway, as he looked at the list, he asked if all of them were Patriots or had some of them been Tories. After I proclaimed them all Patriots, I found this record just a few short weeks later in the book "The Robertses of New England," by Thomas A. Jacobsen.
Eliphalet Roberts (15 Apr 1750 - 27 Sept 1843) was one of the first settlers of Strafford, Vermont, having a 100 acre farm there as early as 1774. He was also the father of at least 16 children. Yes, I said at least 16. The above-mentioned book suggests may he had 22 children in all, but I have names for only 16.[1] Anyway, Eliphalet enlisted in the Revolutionary cause in early 1777 and served at Ticonderoga.[2] The following petition signed by fourteen citizens of Strafford tells what happened next:
"Strafford April ye29, 1778So... Patriot --> Loyalist --> Patriot again and with apologies this time. It sounds to me like Grandpa Roberts was on the side of whomever he judged to be the most advantageous to himself and his family. Can't say that I really blame him.
These may certify Any Gentlemen to whom it may concern that Eliphalet Roberts is an inhabitant of this town and that he did in July last desert his Countreys Cause and fled to the Enemy and their remaind til the Surrender of General Burgoin and Quick after that he returned to this town and Appeared to be very sorry for his Conduct made all the Recantations that could be thought proper He promises to be friendly for the future and to be subject to our laws since he came home appears to be Agreable to his Confession and promises He has a large family of small children and if he should be stript of what little improvements he has theirs some danger of his famelyes being some charge to the State Therefore if the Honorable Counsil in their wisdom should see fit sofar to Restore him as to allow him the use of his land upon his good behavour for the future it would be lokt upon as an act of generosity and be well accepted by the town in general."[3]
[1} By the way, the children listed in the book are incorrect. The author lists 17 of the supposed 22 chidlren, but one of the 17 is actually his granddaughter, not his daughter.
[2] Miles, pp. 77-8; Holbrook, Jay Mack. Vermont's First Settlers. Oxford, Mass.: Holbrook Research Institute, 1982, p. 71.
[3] Document at the Vermont Historical Society.
Continue reading I'm on YOUR side - Eliphalet Robert.
Since I named the Blog Witches, Madames, and Turncoats, I guess I should start with the Witch...
I call the old time back: I bring my lay
In tender memory of the summer day...
In tender memory of the summer day...
So begins "Mabel Martin: A Harvest Idyl", a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier, published in 1857. The summer day he refers to is July 19, 1692. The place Gallows Hill, Salem, Massachusetts where my ninth great-grandmother Susannah North Martin was hanged for the crime of witchcraft. Whittier used Susannah Martin as inspiration for the poem and talked of how the poor witch's daughter will snag a husband after the stigma of witchcraft. I'll excerpt a few more passages (Note: Here's the entire poem).
Here, in the dim colonial time
Of sterner lives and gloomier faith,
A woman lived, tradition saith,
Who wrought her neighbors foul annoy,
And witched and plagues the county side
Till at the hangman's hand she died.
...
[Part III: The Witch's Daughter]
But still the sweetest voice was mute
That river-valley ever heard
From lips of maid or throat of bird ;
For Mabel Martin sat at,
And let the hay-mow's shadow fall
Upon the loveliest face of all.
She sat at, as one forbid,
Who knew that none would condescend
To own the Witch-wife's child a friend.
The seasons scarce had gone their round,
Since curious thousands thronged to see
Her mother at the gallows-tree ;
And mocked the prison-palsied limbs
That faltered on the fatal stairs,
And wan lip trembling with its prayers !
Few questioned of the sorrowing child,
Or, when they saw the mother die,
Dreamed of the daughter's agony.
They went up to their homes that day,
As men and Christians justified:
God willed it, and the wretch had died !
Dear God and Father of us all,
Forgive our faith in cruel lies,-
Forgive the blindness that denies !
Of sterner lives and gloomier faith,
A woman lived, tradition saith,
Who wrought her neighbors foul annoy,
And witched and plagues the county side
Till at the hangman's hand she died.
...
[Part III: The Witch's Daughter]
But still the sweetest voice was mute
That river-valley ever heard
From lips of maid or throat of bird ;
For Mabel Martin sat at,
And let the hay-mow's shadow fall
Upon the loveliest face of all.
She sat at, as one forbid,
Who knew that none would condescend
To own the Witch-wife's child a friend.
The seasons scarce had gone their round,
Since curious thousands thronged to see
Her mother at the gallows-tree ;
And mocked the prison-palsied limbs
That faltered on the fatal stairs,
And wan lip trembling with its prayers !
Few questioned of the sorrowing child,
Or, when they saw the mother die,
Dreamed of the daughter's agony.
They went up to their homes that day,
As men and Christians justified:
God willed it, and the wretch had died !
Dear God and Father of us all,
Forgive our faith in cruel lies,-
Forgive the blindness that denies !
The real Susannah Martin did not have a daughter named Mabel (poetic license I suppose). She had a number of daughters and I am descended from her daughter Jane. One of my favorite quotes from someone when I mentioned that my 9th great-grandmother was hung for witchcraft in Salem was the line, "Wow, did she have any kids?" Umm... that would be inherent in the definition of 'grandmother.' Honestly, though, the question was not as stupid as it seemed. People have a perception when they hear the word 'witch,' one that usually doesn't include landowner, and mother of eight. So who was Susannah North Martin?
She was born in England in 1625 and came to America as a child. At age 21, she married George Martin in Massachusetts. Thanks to New England's prodigious record-keeping I have lots of information on her. In 1647 (age 22) she was fined for an unnamed offense. I can only assume it was the equivalent of a parking ticket. In 1667 her husband complained publicly that her assigned seat at the meetinghouse was beneath her station. So perhaps, I can begin to infer that she was a bit uppity.
Beginning in 1669, I can see that she perhaps rubbed more than one neighbor the wrong way. In 1669 she was first accused of witchcraft by William Sargent who said she "was a witch and he would call her a witch", she was then aged 44 and still had young children at home. Her husband sued the accuser for slander the same day. Sargent also accused Susannah of having a child while still single and strangling it and that her second son George Martin, Jr. was not fathered by George Martin Sr. The court found Sargent guilty of slander, but in what appears to be an insult the magistrates awarded George, Sr. the eighth part of a penny in damages. This was an appallingly small sum in damages even for the times. So, perhaps this means that rumors had always abounded that Susannah was a bit loose.
The trial transcripts from 1692 really begin to give me a sense of who she was -- Outspoken and Intelligent.
For background see my Salem Witch Trials pages. Her testimony was especially insightful. Here's a brief excerpt:
In the deposition given by John Pressy against Susannah Martin at her trial, his story briefly put was that she had cursed him specifically saying that "he should never prosper and never have but two cows." Since in the past 20 years he had not prospered nor ever was able to obtain more than two cows, she must surely be a witch. My take on it. Grandma Susannah called 'em as she saw 'em. She knew a deadbeat when she saw one basically told him he'd never amount to anything. Well, he didn't. But I guess he had the last laugh, since they convicted and hung her for witchcraft.
She was born in England in 1625 and came to America as a child. At age 21, she married George Martin in Massachusetts. Thanks to New England's prodigious record-keeping I have lots of information on her. In 1647 (age 22) she was fined for an unnamed offense. I can only assume it was the equivalent of a parking ticket. In 1667 her husband complained publicly that her assigned seat at the meetinghouse was beneath her station. So perhaps, I can begin to infer that she was a bit uppity.
Beginning in 1669, I can see that she perhaps rubbed more than one neighbor the wrong way. In 1669 she was first accused of witchcraft by William Sargent who said she "was a witch and he would call her a witch", she was then aged 44 and still had young children at home. Her husband sued the accuser for slander the same day. Sargent also accused Susannah of having a child while still single and strangling it and that her second son George Martin, Jr. was not fathered by George Martin Sr. The court found Sargent guilty of slander, but in what appears to be an insult the magistrates awarded George, Sr. the eighth part of a penny in damages. This was an appallingly small sum in damages even for the times. So, perhaps this means that rumors had always abounded that Susannah was a bit loose.
The trial transcripts from 1692 really begin to give me a sense of who she was -- Outspoken and Intelligent.
For background see my Salem Witch Trials pages. Her testimony was especially insightful. Here's a brief excerpt:
I think she shows remarkable good sense in recognizing that if she spoke in this setting her words would be twisted.
What ails this people?
Susanna: I do not know.
But what do you think?
Susanna: I do not desire to spend my judgment upon it.
Do not you think they are Bewitched?
Susanna: No I do not think they are.
Tell me your thoughts about them?
Susanna: Why? my thoughts are my own, when they are in, but when they are out they are anothers.
In the deposition given by John Pressy against Susannah Martin at her trial, his story briefly put was that she had cursed him specifically saying that "he should never prosper and never have but two cows." Since in the past 20 years he had not prospered nor ever was able to obtain more than two cows, she must surely be a witch. My take on it. Grandma Susannah called 'em as she saw 'em. She knew a deadbeat when she saw one basically told him he'd never amount to anything. Well, he didn't. But I guess he had the last laugh, since they convicted and hung her for witchcraft.
