draft version -- still under revision

Speech Communication 503 Fall 2001 Tuesday-Thursday 9:45-11:00 a.m. 309 Sparks Building Listserv: class photos

Thomas W. Benson 227 Sparks Building (814) 865-4201 t3b@psu.edu office hours: Tuesdays & Thursdays 11:00 a.m. - 12:00 noon.

A graduate seminar in the practice of rhetorical criticism, with an emphasis on the working practices of critics of primarily oral, written, and media texts in the discipline of speech communication. Students will read widely in rhetorical criticism and interpretive theory and will write an extended seminar paper. The seminar is conceived as an intensive, advanced workshop in rhetorical criticism.

(1) August 21 - Tuesday	Introduction.
(2) August 23 - Thursday	Preliminary Considerations: Theory, Scope, and Method in Rhetorical Criticism. Read Benson, "Beacons and Boundary Markers: Landmarks in Rhetorical Criticism"; Herbert A. Wichelns, "The Literary Criticism of Oratory," in Benson, Landmarks; Medhurst, "The Academic Study of Public Address: A Tradition in Transition"; Donald C. Bryant, "Some Problems of Scope and Method in Rhetorical Scholarship." In Medhurst, Landmarks.
(3) August 28- Tuesday	Loren D. Reid, "The Perils of Rhetorical Criticism," in Medhurst, Landmarks; Benson, "History, Criticism, and Theory in the Study of American Rhetoric," in Benson, American Rhetoric; Lawrence W. Rosenfield, "The Anatomy of Rhetorical Discourse," in Burgchardt, Readings; Browne, Stephen H. Reading Public Memory in Daniel Webster's Plymouth Rock Oration. Western Journal of Communication, 57, 464-477 (on electronic reserve); Black, Edwin. The Sentimental Style as Escapism, or the Devil with Dan'l Webster. Form and Genre: Shaping Rhetorical Action. Ed. Karlyn Kohrs Campbell and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Falls Church, VA: Speech Communication Association, (1978). 75-86 (on electronic reserve).
(4) August 30 - Thursday	Rhetoric as a Way of Doing: Rhetoric as situated, instrumental action. Read Marie Hochmuth Nichols, "Lincoln's First Inaugural"; Halford Ross Ryan, "Harry S. Truman"; E. Culpepper Clark and Raymie McKerrow, "The Historiographical Dilemma in Myrdal's American Creed: Rhetoric's Role in Rescuing a Historical Moment," in Brock, Scott, and Chesebro, Methods of Rhetorical Criticism, 3d ed.
(5) September 4 - Tuesday	Stephen E. Lucas, "Justifying America: The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document," in Benson, American Rhetoric; Barnet Baskerville, "Must We All Be Rhetorical Critics?"; Stephen Lucas, "The Schism in Rhetorical Scholarship," in Medhurst, Landmarks
(6) September 6 - Thursday	Rhetorical Criticism and the Crisis of Neo-Aristotelianism. Ernest Wrage, "Public Address: A Study in Social and Intellectual History"; Wayland Maxfield Parrish, " The Study of Speeches"; Marie Hochmuth [Nichols], "The Criticism of Rhetoric"; Edwin Black, "The Practice of Rhetorical Criticism"; G. P. Mohrmann, "Elegy in a Critical Grave-Yard," in Medhurst, Landmarks; Carroll C. Arnold, "Lord Thomas Erskine: Modern Advocate," in Benson, Landmarks;
(7) September 11 - Tuesday	Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, "An Exercise in the Rhetoric of Mythic America"; Forbes Hill, "Conventional Wisdom--Traditional Form--The President's Message of November 3, 1969"; Excerpts from Edwin Black, Rhetorical Criticism, in Burgchardt, Readings,; Edwin Black, "Ideological Justifications" (on electronic reserve); Benson, Thomas W. Another Shooting in Cowtown Quarterly Journal of Speech 67 (1981): 347-406 (on electronic reserve).
(8) September 13 - Thursday	Public Address as a Field of Study and as a Field of Activity. Read Thomas W. Benson, ed., Rhetoric and Political Culture in Nineteenth-Century America, pp. 1-90.
(9) September 18 - Tuesday	Continued discussion of Rhetoric and Political Culture in Nineteenth-Century America, pp. 91-183.
(10) September 20 -Thursday	Rhetoric as a way of knowing. Read Robert L. Scott, "On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic: Ten Years Later"; Robert L. Scott and James F. Klumpp, "A Dear Searcher into Comparisons"; in Brock , Scott, and Chesebro, Methods of Rhetorical Criticism; Robert L. Scott, "A Rhetoric of Facts: Arthur Larson's Stance as a Persuader"; John Angus Cambell, "Darwin and The Origin of Species: The Rhetorical Ancestry of an Idea," in Benson, Landmarks.
(11) September 25 - Tuesday	Edwin Black "Gettysburg and Silence" (on electronic reserve); Michael Hyde, "Medicine, Rhetoric, and Euthenasia: A Case Study in the Workings of a Postmodern Discourse"; Michael Calvin McGee, "'The Ideograph: A Link Between Rhetoric and Ideology"; John Louis Lucaites and Celeste Michelle Condit, Reconstructing Equality: Culturetypal and Counter-Cultural Rhetorics in the Martyred Black Vision," in Burgchardt, Readings.
(12) September 27 - Thursday	Ideology, Dramatism , Fantasy, Myth, and Narrative as ways of rhetorical knowing. Kenneth Burke, "The Rhetoric of Hitler's Battle," in Benson, Landmarks; Bernard Brock, "Rhetorical Criticism: A Burkeian Approach Revisited"; David S. Birdsell, "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad"; Ernest G. Bormann, "Fantasy and Rhetorical Vision: The Rhetorical Criticism of Social Reality"; Rita C. Hubbard, "Relationship Styles in Popular Romance Novels, 1950-1983," in Brock, Scott, and Chesebro, Methods of Rhetorical Criticism.
(13) October 2 - Tuesday	Walter R. Fisher, "The Narrative Paradigm: An Elaboration"; James S. Ettema and Theodore L. Glasser, "Narrative Form and Moral Force: The Realization of Innocence and Guilt through Investigative Journalism," in Brock, Scott, and Chesebro, Methods of Rhetorical Criticism; Janice Hocker Rushing, "Evolution of the 'New Frontier' in Alien and Aliens: Patriarchal Evolution of the Feminine Archetype" (on electronic reserve); Philip Wander, "The Ideological Turn in Modern Criticism"; Raymie McKerrow, "Critical Rhetoric: Theory and Praxis," in Burgchardt, Readings.
(14) October 4 - Thursday	Rhetoric as a way of being. Read T. Benson, "Rhetoric as a Way of Being," in American Rhetoric; Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, "The Rhetoric of Women's Liberation: An Oxymoron"; Carole Spitzack and Kathryn Carter, "Women in Communication Studies: A Typology for Revision"; Jonathan Culler, "Reading as a Woman," in Brock, et al., Methods of Rhetorical Criticism; Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, "Stanton's "Solitude of Self": A Rationale for Feminism," in Benson, Landmarks; Sonja Foss and Karen A. Foss, "The Construction of Feminine Spectatorship in Garrison Keillor's Radio Monologues," in Burgchardt, Readings.
October 9 - Tuesday	Fall Break -- no classes
(15) October 11 - Thursday	Edwin Black, "The Second Persona," in Benson, Landmarks; Maurice Charland, "Constitutive Rhetoric: The Case of the Peuple Québécois," in Benson, Landmarks; James Darsey, "The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic Ethos as Radical Argument" (on electronic reserve); Thomas W. Benson, "Rhetoric and Autobiography: The Case of Malcolm X" (electronic reserve); Kenneth Burke, "Antony on Behalf of the Play" (electronic reserve).
(16) October 16 - Tuesday	Rhetoric, cultural politics, and the public. Gerard Hauser, "Administrative Rhetoric and Public Opinion: Discussing the Iranian Hostages in the Public Sphere"; Richard B. Gregg, "The Rhetoric of Denial and Alternity," in Benson, American Rhetoric; Cindy Griffin, "Rhetoricizing Alienation: Mary Wollstonecraft and the Rhetorical Construction of Women's Oppression," in Burgchardt, Readings.
(17) October 18 - Thursday	Michael Calvin McGee, "In Search of 'The People': A Rhetorical Alternative" (on electronic reserve); Michael Calvin McGee, "Text, Context, and the Fragmentation of Contemporary Culture" (on electronic reserve); Michael Leff, "Interpretation and the Art of the Rhetorical Critic" (on electronic reserve); Michael Leff, "Rhetorical Timing in Lincoln's House Divided Speech" (on electronic reserve); Karen Altman, "Consuming Ideology: The Better Homes in America Campaign" (electronic reserve); Carole Blair, Marsha S. Jeppeson, and Enrico Pucci, Jr., "Public Memorializing in Postmodernity: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial as Prototype," in Burgchardt, Readings.
(18) October 23 - Tuesday	Genre, the constraints of form, and the rhetorical resources of language. Read Karlyn Kohrs Campbell and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, "Introduction to Form and Genre" and "Inaugurating the Presidency"; in Brock, Scott, and Chesebro, Methods of Rhetorical Criticism; Lawrence W. Rosenfield, "Central Park and the Celebration of Civic Virtue," in Benson, American Rhetoric; Hermann G. Stelzner, "'War Message,' December 8, 1941: An Approach to Language"; Michael C. Leff and G. P. Mohrmann, "Lincoln at Cooper Union: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Text," in Benson, Landmarks.
(19) October 25 - Thursday	Stephen E. Lucas, "Genre Criticism and Historical Context: The Case of George Washington's First Inaugural Address," in Benson, Landmarks; Michael Leff, "Textual Criticism: The Legacy of G. P. Mohrmann," in Medhurst, Landmarks; Martin J. Medhurst and Thomas W. Benson, "The City: The Rhetoric of Rhythm" (on electronic reserve); B. L. Ware and Wil A. Linkugel, "They Spoke in Defense of Themselves: On the Generic Criticism of Apologia" (on electronic reserve); Richard Fulkerson, "The Public Letter as a Rhetorical Form: Structure, Logic, and Style in King's 'Letter from Birmingham Jail'" (electronic reserve); Martin J. Medhurst, "The Politics of Prayer: A Case Study in Configurational Interplay," in Benson, American Rhetoric.
(20) October 30 - Tuesday	First draft of seminar paper due. No reading assignment for this class period--to give you a little extra time to work on your paper--but please do not miss class, as we will be exchanging drafts for peer review.
(21) November 1 - Thursday	National Communication Association meets in Atlanta. No class meeting.
(22) November 6 - Tuesday	Interpreting the rhetoric of movements. Read Carroll C. Arnold, "Early Constitutional Rhetoric in Pennsylvania," in Benson, American Rhetoric; Robert S. Cathcart, "Movements: Confrontation as Rhetorical Form," and Celeste Condit Railsback, "The Contemporary American Abortion Controversy: Stages in the Argument," in Brock, et al., Methods of Rhetorical Criticism; ; Leland Griffin, "The Rhetorical Structure of Historical Movements" (on electronic reserve); Leland Griffin, "The Rhetorical Structure of the Antimasonic Movement"; Herbert Simons, "Requirements, Problems, and Strategies: A Theory of Persuasion for Social Movements," in Burgchardt, Readings.
(23) November 8 - Thursday	The issue of theory in criticism; the criticism of politics; and the politics of academic gatekeeping. James Darsey, "Must We All Be Rhetorical Theorists? An Anti-Democratic Inquiry" (on electronic reserve); Carole Blair, Julie R. Brown, and Leslie A. Baxter, "Disciplining the Feminine" (on electronic reserve); Roderick Hart, "Contemporary Scholarship in Public Address: A Research Editorial"; "Doing Criticism My Way: A Reply to Darsey"; "Theory-Building and Rhetorical Criticism: An Informal Statement of Opinion" (on electronic reserve).
(24) November 13 - Tuesday	Reading speaking. Michael Leff, "Textual Criticism: The Legacy of G. P. Mohrmann"; Michael Leff, "Dimensions of Temporality in Lincoln's Second Inaugural"; Martin J. Medhurst, "Reconceptualizing Rhetorical History: Eisenhower's Farewell Address," in Burgchardt, Readings; Michael Leff, "Rhetorical Timing in Lincoln's House Divided Speech" (on electronic reserve).
(25) November 15 - Thursday	Presentation of seminar papers: Ned O'Gorman, "The Style of Criticism: Marshall McLuhan's Understanding Media" Sharon Auker, "The Image of Nursing as Portrayed by U.S. Newspapers: A Discourse Analysis"
(26) November 20 - Tuesday	Presentation of seminar papers: Katie Langford, "Anti-federalist Discourse as an Organizing Principle in Justice Antonin Scalia's Cruel and Unusual Punishment Opinions" John Saunders, "The Rhetoric of Dr. Seuss's Histories"
November 22 - Thursday	Thanksgiving. No classes.
(27) November 27 - Tuesday	Presentation of seminar papers: Roger Stahl, "Phantom Bodies: Genetic Fingerprinting and the Edges of Corporeality" Lyn J. Freymiller, "Generic Infidelity and Televisual Immediacy: Charles Spencer and Princess Diana's Eulogy" Matthew Peters, "Resistance to the New Role of Women in the Media: A Rhetorical Analysis of The Sopranos"
(28) November 29 - Thursday	Presentation of seminar papers: Sarah Worley, "The Use of Genre as a Tool for Deflection: An Analysis of George W. Bush's Inaugural Address" Ben Henderson, "Mythopoetics and a New Christian Masculinity: John Eldredge's Wild at Heart" Dave Tell, "The Man and the Message: A Case Study in Timothy Dwight's Prophetic Rhetoric"
(29) December 4 - Tuesday	Presentation of seminar papers: Sandy French, "Rhetorical Vision and Misunderstanding in the Rhetoric of Bill Gates" Monika Alston, "Fanny Jackson Coppin and Her Industrial Crusade Rhetoric"
(30) December 6 - Thursday	Presentation of seminar papers: Mitch Reyes, "Reading Pi as a Reconstitutive Rhetorical Text" Lee Fortner Katie Gibson
Monday, December 10	Final Exams begin. Term paper due. Department mailboxes are in 232 Sparks Building.

 

Seminar Papers

Seminar Papers: You are asked to prepare a major, article-length seminar paper--a rhetorical analysis of a single text or group of texts. Subject the text to a close textual analysis, situated in whatever contexts (theoretical, situational, historical) seem appropriate to support interpretive work. A central feature of the seminar will be the sequential preparation of the paper, followed by shared editorial consultation and thorough rewriting. The product will, it is hoped, be a manuscript that might be thought of as an "expanded" journal article, which, with some judicious cutting, could be submitted for publication review to a journal. The manuscript will be "expanded" in the sense that it will probably contain a more extended review of context and earlier scholarship, and perhaps more detailed description, than some editors would have space for in a journal.

Major dates for paper development (all these assignments are due, typed, double-spaced, one side of paper only, with a title page, on the dates indicated):

September 4. Topic due, in writing. Briefly identify the text(s) you wish to analyze and the central critical problems or questions you wish to investigate. What is the text? Where is it available? What, at this point, strike you as issues, questions, or problems worth investigating? (1-2 pages) It is strongly suggested that you talk with me before choosing a text for analysis. In any case, do not choose a text that you have written on for another class.

September 13. Research proposal. (2-4 pp.) A description of the topic you have chosen, the central question you will address in your analysis, the significance of your study, critical procedures that seem likely to be productive, relevant theoretical and methodological considerations, definitions of key terms, brief identification of the scholarly literatures most likely to contextualize your study (previous studies of your text, of similar texts, of similar questions, theoretical perspectives, descriptions of method or uses of methods similar to those you propose). Preliminary bibliography.

September 27. Review of literature. By this time you should have identified the scholarly literature (books, journal articles, and dissertations) bearing on (1) your research question, (2) the text you have chosen to analyze, (3) your mode of analysis, and (4) major theoretical issues, if any, that drive or are interrogated by your proposed analysis. Early in the semester, schedule a session with a research librarian at Pattee Library for advice on searching the literature bearing on your topic. You should be familiar with LIAS (including the UNCOVER and ERIC databases), with Dissertation Abstracts, and with various indices to scholarly literature that are available on CD-ROM. Be sure to consult standard bibliographies in the field, especially R. Matlon, Index to Journals in Communication Studies through 1990; for journals in speech communication since 1990, you may need to leaf through by hand; note that the Matlon Index is also available on CD-ROM as "Commsearch"--a copy is available in Pattee Library. In this paper (a revised version of which will become part of your final paper), "review" the literature so as to give both an overview of the literature and a focused account of how it bears on your own project. A careful review at this point will allow you to identify, in the final paper, the ways in which your own findings confirm, extend, modify, or contradict the existing literature.

October 11. Context--political, historical, organizational, ideological; production and reception. History and authenticity of the text. Just 2-3 pages for this assignment, though you will by this time have gathered much more than enough information than that.

October 30. First draft of paper due. A complete and finished version of the paper, suitable for formal review. Include title page, abstract, paper, endnotes if any, and list of works cited.

November 1-13. Editorial reviews of first draft. Each student will read and respond in writing to several other student papers with suggestions for revisions.

November 15 - December 6. Final oral reports to class.

December 10. Seminar paper due.

Paper Style. In preparing your papers, follow the style guidelines presented in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 4th edition. You may use the citation method that employs a list of works cited and parenthetical references in the text, or an endnote style (in which case you should also include a bibliography). If you use commentative notes in addition, use endnotes rather than footnotes. It is a good idea for a writer to have a basic grammar reference handy; one widely used guide that I recommend is Diana Hacker, A Writer's Reference, 3rd ed. (New York: St. Martin's, 1995).

On-line participation

Electronic Mail and Class Electronic Discussion. The primary discussions in this seminar will be conducted face-to-face, on Tuesday and Thursday mornings, and throughout the rest of the week on the computer. Although it is hoped that participation will be intense and ongoing, at least the following deadlines must be met: A contribution to discussion 24 hours before each class meeting, in which you offer some questions (with supporting citations, thoughts, or suggestions) for possible discussion in class or on-line. You are also invited to participate in ongoing followup on-line conversations that extend some aspect of class discussion or raise an issue that did not make it into the discussion. In your contributions, please try to frame a proposition or question for discussion, relate it to some part of the readings, quote or paraphrase the relevant passage in the reading (including a page reference), and sketch a reasoned discussion-opener. In these conversations, your opinions are important, but we should also work beyond mere clash (or coincidence) of opinion to mutual enlightenment and a shared willingness to learn new ways of thinking. Send your notes for class discussion to the Listserv address L-SPCOM503@lists.psu.edu. If you use more than one e-mail account, I can list more than one address for you.

Academic Integrity

Academic Integrity. Submission of all written work in this course is taken to imply that the work is your own unless otherwise indicated. Please be careful to document the work of others where appropriate. Under no circumstances submit for credit in this course any work that has been submitted in other courses. In selecting a text for critical analysis for your seminar paper, do not write about a text that is part of the syllabus of other courses you have taken without special permission.

Grades

Grades. All elements of your work in this seminar will be considered in formulating a final grade for the course--participation (in class and on-line) 20%; written work (including first and final drafts of the seminar paper, progressive development of various stages of the paper, and editorial comments on peer reviewed papers) 80%.

Texts

Benson, Thomas W., ed. American Rhetoric: Context and Criticism. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989.

Benson, Thomas W., ed. Landmark Essays on Rhetorical Criticism. Davis, CA: Hermagoras Press, 1993.

Benson, Thomas W., ed. Rhetoric and Political Culture in Nineteenth-Century America. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1997.

Brock, Bernard L., Robert L. Scott, and James W. Chesebro, eds. Methods of Rhetorical Criticism: A Twentieth-Century Perspective. 3rd ed. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989.

Burgchardt, Carl R., ed. Readings in Rhetorical Criticism. 2d ed. State College, PA: Strata, 2000.

Medhurst, Martin J., ed. Landmark Essays on American Public Address. Davis, CA: Hermagoras Press, 1993.

A selection of readings in rhetorical criticism is available to registered students through the Penn State libraries electronic reserve system. The following works are on electronic reserve. You may link to the electronic reserves by clicking the "course reserves" link at

Altman, Karen E. Consuming Ideology: The Better Homes in American Campaign Critical Studies in Mass Communication 7 (1990): 286-307.

Benson, Thomas W. Another Shooting in Cowtown Quarterly Journal of Speech 67 (1981): 347-406.

Benson, Thomas W. Rhetoric and Autobiography: The Case of Malcolm X Quarterly Journal of Speech 60 (1974): 1-13.

Black, Edwin. Gettysburg and Silence. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 80, (1994): 21-36.

Black, Edwin. Ideological Justifications. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70, (1984): 144-150.

Black, Edwin. Secrecy and Disclosure as Rhetorical Forms. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 74 (1988): 133-150.

Black, Edwin. The Sentimental Style as Escapism, or the Devil with Dan'l Webster. Form and Genre: Shaping Rhetorical Action. Ed. Karlyn Kohrs Campbell and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Falls Church, VA: Speech Communication Association, (1978). 75-86.

Blair, Carol, Julie R. Brown, and Leslie A. Baxter. Disciplining the Feminine. Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 383-409.

Browne, Stephen H. Reading Public Memory in Daniel Webster's Plymouth Rock Oration. Western Journal of Communication, 57, 464-477.

Burke, Kenneth. Antony on Behalf of the Play. The Philosophy of Literary Form. 3d ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. 329-343.

Darsey, James. The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic Ethos as Radical Argument Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988): 434-452.

Darsey, James. Must We All Be Rhetorical Theorists?: An Anti- Democratic inquiry. Western Journal of Communication 58 (1994): 164-181.

Fulkerson, Richard P. The Public Letter as a Rhetorical Form: Structure, Style, and Logic in Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail.. Quarterly Journal of Speech 65 (1979): 121-136.

Gregg, Richard B. The Criticism of Symbolic Inducement: A Critical-Theoretical Connection. Speech Communication in the 20th Century. Ed. Thomas W. Benson. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1985. 41-62.

Gregg, Richard B. The Ego-Function of the Rhetoric of Protest. Philosophy and Rhetoric 4 (1971): 71-91.

Griffin, Leland M. The Rhetorical Structure of Historical Movements. Quarterly Journal of Speech 38 (1952): 184-188.

Griffin, Leland M. The Rhetorical Structure of the Antimasonic Movement. The Rhetorical Idiom. Ed. Donald C. Bryant. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1958. 145-160.

Hart, Roderick P. Contemporary Scholarship in Public Address: A Research Editorial. Western Journal of Speech Communication 50 (1986): 283-295.

Hart, Roderick P. Doing Criticism My Way: A Reply to Darsey. Western Journal of Communication 58 (1994): 308-312.

Hart, Roderick P. Theory-Building and Rhetorical Criticism: An Informal Statement of Opinion. Central States Speech Journal 27 (1976): 70-77.

Hyde, Michael J. Medicine, Rhetoric, and Euthanasia: A Case Study in the Workings of a Postmodern Discourse. Quarterly Journal of Speech 79 (1993): 201-224.

Leff, Michael. Interpretation and the Art of the Rhetorical Critic. Western Journal of Speech Communication 44 (1980): 337-349.

Leff, Michael. Rhetorical Timing in Lincoln's House Divided Speech. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, 1984. pp.3-20. Published by Northwestern University's Department of Speech Communication.

Leff, Michael and Sachs, Andrew. Words the Most Like Things: Iconicity and the Rhetorical Text. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 54, 252-273.

Lucaites, John Louis, and Celeste Michelle Condit. Reconstructing : Culturetypal and Counter-Cultural Rhetorics in the Martyred Black Vision. Communication Monographs 57 (1990): 5-25.

McGee, Michael Calvin. The 'Ideograph': A Link Between Rhetoric and Ideology. Quarterly Journal of Speech 66 (1980): 1-16.

McGee, Michael C. In Search of 'The People': A Rhetorical Alternative. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 61 (1975): 235-49.

McGee, Michael Calvin. Social movement as meaning. Central States Speech Journal, 34 (1983): 74-77.

McGee, Michael Calvin. Text, Context, and the Fragmentation of Contemporary Culture. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 54 (1990): 274-289.

McKerrow, Raymie E. Critical Rhetoric: Theory and Praxis. Communication Monographs 56 (1989): 91-111.

Medhurst, Martin J., and Thomas W. Benson. The City": The Rhetoric of Rhythm. Communication Monographs 48 (1981): 54-72.

Rosenfield, Lawrence W. The Anatomy of Critical Discourse.Speech Monographs 35 (1968): 50-69.

Rosenfield, Lawrence W. The Experience of Criticism. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 60 (1974): 489-496.

Rushing, Janice Hocker. Evolution of 'The New Frontier' in Alien and Aliens: Patriarchal Co-optation of the Feminine Archetype. Quarterly Journal of Speech 75 (1989): 1-24.

Simons, Herbert W. Requirements, Problems, and Strategies: A Theory of Persuasion for Social Movements. Quarterly Journal of Speech 56 (1970): 1-11.

Wander, Philip. The Ideological Turn in Modern Criticism. Central States Speech Journal 34 (1983): 1-18.

Ware, B. L., and Wil A. Linkugel. They Spoke in Defense of Themselves: On the Generic Criticism of Apologia. Quarterly Journal of Speech 59 (1973): 273-283.

Medhurst, Martin J., Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert Scott. Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Revised edition. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1997.

Nichols, Marie Hochmuth. Rhetoric and Criticism. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1963.

Peterson, Tarla Rai. Sharing the Earth: The Rhetoric of Sustainable Development. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1997.

Poulakos, Takis. Speaking for the Polis: Isocrates' Rhetorical Education. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1997.

Thonssen, Lester, A. Craig Baird, and Waldo W. Braden. Speech Criticism. 2d ed. New York: Ronald Press, 1970.

Wallace, Karl R., ed. History of Speech Education in America: Background Studies. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1954.

Wertheimer, Molly Meijer. Listening to Their Voices: The Rhetorical Activities of Historical Women. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1997.

White, Eugene E. The Context of Human Discourse: A Configurational Criticism of Rhetoric. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1992.


Articles:

Some of these materials are available on-line through Pattee Library's electronic reserve system; point your internet browser to http://reserve.libraries.psu.edu

Altman, Karen E. "Consuming Ideology: The Better Homes in American Campaign." Critical Studies in Mass Communication 7 (1990): 286-307.

Baskerville, Barnett. "Joe McCarthy: Briefcase Demagogue." Today's Speech 2 (September 1954): 8-15.

Benson, Thomas W. "Another Shooting in Cowtown." Quarterly Journal of Speech 67 (1981): 347-406.

Benson, Thomas W. "Rhetoric and Autobiography: The Case of Malcolm X." Quarterly Journal of Speech 60 (1974): 1-13. On electronic reserve.

Benson, Thomas W. "The Rhetorical Structure of Frederick Wiseman's " High School"." Communication Monographs. 47 (1980): 233-261.

Benson, Thomas W. "The Rhetorical Structure of Frederick Wiseman's "Primate"." Quarterly Journal of Speech 71 (1985): 204-217.

Benson, Thomas W. "The Senses of Rhetoric: A Topical System for Critics." Central States Speech Journal 29 (1978): 237-250.

Birdsell, David S. "Ronald Reagan on Lebanon and Grenada: Flexibility and Interpretation in the Application of Kenneth Burke's Pentad." Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987): 267-279.

Bitzer, Lloyd. "The Rhetorical Situation." Philosophy and Rhetoric 1 (1968): 1-14.

Black, Edwin. "Electing Time." Quarterly Journal of Speech 59 (1973): 125-129.

Black, Edwin. "Gettysburg and Silence." Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 21-36. On electronic reserve.

Black, Edwin. "Ideological Justifications." Quarterly Journal of Speech 70 (1984): 144-150. On electronic reserve.

Black, Edwin. "A Note on Theory and Practice in Rhetorical Criticism." Western Journal of Speech Communication 44 (1980): 331-336.

Black, Edwin. "Secrecy and Disclosure as Rhetorical Forms." Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988): 133-150.

Black, Edwin. "The Sentimental Style as Escapism, or the Devil with Dan'l Webster." Form and Genre: Shaping Rhetorical Action. Ed. Karlyn Kohrs Campbell and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Falls Church, VA: Speech Communication Association, 1978.

Blair, Carol, Julie R. Brown, and Leslie A. Baxter. "Disciplining the Feminine." Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 383-409. On electronic reserve.

Bormann, Ernest G. "Fantasy and Rhetorical Vision: The Rhetorical Criticism of Social Reality." Quarterly Journal of Speech 58 (1973): 143-159.

Browne, Nick. "The Spectator-in-the-Text: The Rhetoric of Stagecoach." Film Quarterly (December 1975): 26-38.

Browne, Stephen H. "Edmund Burke's Letter to a Noble Lord: A Textual Study in Political Philosophy and Rhetorical Action." Communication Monographs 55 (1988): 215-229.

Browne, Stephen H. "'Like Gory Spectres': Representing Evil in Theodore Weld's American Slavery As It Is." Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1994): 277-292.

Browne, Stephen H. "The Political Uses of Pastoral: Rhetorical Dynamics in John Dickinson's First Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania." Quarterly Journal of Speech 76 (1990): 46-57.

Browne, Stephen H. "Reading Public Memory in Daniel Webster's Plymouth Rock Oration." Western Journal of Communication 57 (1993): 464-477. On electronic reserve.

Burke, Kenneth. "Antony on Behalf of the Play." The Philosophy of Literary Form. 3d ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. 329-343. On electronic reserve.

Campbell, Karlyn Kohrs. "The Rhetoric of Women's Liberation: An Oxymoron." Quarterly Journal of Speech 59 (1973): 74-86.

Cox, Robert. "The Die Is Cast: Topical and Ontological Dimensions of the Locus of the Irreperable." Quarterly Journal of Speech 68 (1982): 227-239.

Darsey, James. "From "Gay is Good" to the Scourge of AIDS: The Evolution of Gay Liberation Rhetoric, 1977-1990." Communication Studies 42 (1991): 43-66.

Darsey, James. "The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic "Ethos" as Radical Argument." Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988): 434-452. On electronic reserve.

Darsey, James. "Must We All Be Rhetorical Theorists?: An Anti- Democratic inquiry." Western Journal of Communication 58 (1994): 164-181. On electronic reserve.

Farrell, Thomas, and Thomas Goodnight. "Accidental Rhetoric: The Root Metaphors of Three Mile Island." Communication Monographs 49 (1981): 271-300.

Fisher, Walter R. "Narration as a Human Communication Paradigm: The Case of Public Moral Argument." Communication Monographs 51 (1984): 1-22.

Gregg, Richard B. "The Criticism of Symbolic Inducement: A Critical-Theoretical Connection." Speech Communication in the 20th Century. Ed. Thomas W. Benson. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1985. 41-62. On electronic reserve.

Gregg, Richard B. "The Ego-Function of the Rhetoric of Protest." Philosophy and Rhetoric 4 (1971): 71-91.

Griffin, Leland M. "The Rhetorical Structure of the Antimasonic Movement." The Rhetorical Idiom. Ed. Donald Bryant. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1958. 145-160. On electronic reserve.

Griffin, Leland M. "The Rhetorical Structure of Historical Movements." Quarterly Journal of Speech 38 (1952): 184-188. On electronic reserve.

Hart, Roderick P. " Contemporary Scholarship in Public Address: A Research Editorial." Western Journal of Speech Communication 50 (1986): 283-295. On electronic reserve.

Hart, Roderick P. "Doing Criticism My Way: A Reply to Darsey." Western Journal of Communication 58 (1994): 308-312. On electronic reserve.

Hart, Roderick P. "Theory-Building and Rhetorical Criticism: An Informal Statement of Opinion." Central States Speech Journal 27 (1976): 70-77. On electronic reserve.

Hikins, James W. "The Rhetoric of 'Unconditional Surrender' and the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb." Quarterly Journal of Speech 69 (1983): 379-400.

Hill, Forbes. "Conventional Wisdom--Traditional Form--The President's Message of November 3, 1969." Quarterly Journal of Speech 58 (1972): 373-386.

Hyde, Michael J. "Medicine, Rhetoric, and Euthanasia: A Case Study in the Workings of a Postmodern Discourse." Quarterly Journal of Speech 79 (1993): 201-224. On electronic reserve.

Ivie, Robert L. "Metaphor and the Rhetorical Invention of Cold War 'Idealists'." Communication Monographs 54 (1987): 165-182.

Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. "Generic Constraints and the Rhetorical Situation." Philosophy and Rhetoric 6 (1973): 162-170.

Jasinski, James. "The Feminization of Liberty, Domesticated Virtue, and the Reconstitution of Power and Authority in Early American Political Discourse." Quarterly Journal of Speech 79 (1993): 146-164.

Leff, Michael. "Dimensions of Temporality in Lincoln's Second Inaugural." Communication Reports 1 (1988): 26-31.

Leff, Michael. "Interpretation and the Art of the Rhetorical Critic." Western Journal of Speech Communication 44 (1980): 337-349. On electronic reserve.

Leff, Michael. "Introduction: Rhetorical Criticism: The State of the Art." Western Journal of Speech Communication 44 (1980): 264.

Leff, Michael. Rhetorical Timing in Lincoln's House Divided Speech. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, 1983. On electronic reserve.

Leff, Michael. "Textual Criticism: The Legacy of G. P. Mohrmann." Quarterly Journal of Speech 72 (1986): 377-389.

Leff, Michael, and Gerald P. Mohrmann. "Lincoln at Cooper Union: A Rhetorical Analysis of the Text." Quarterly Journal of Speech 60 (1974): 346-358.

Leff, Michael, and Andrew Sachs. "Words the Most Like Things: Iconicity and the Rhetorical Text." Western Journal of Speech Communication 54 (1990): 252-273. On electronic reserve.

Lewis, William F. "Telling America's Story: Narrative Form and the Reagan Presidency." Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987): 280-302.

Ling, David A. "A Pentadic Analysis of Senator Edward Kennedy's Address to the People of Massachusetts, July 25, 1969." Central States Speech Journal 21 (1970): 81-86.

Lucaites, John Louis, and Celeste Michelle Condit. "Reconstructing <Equality>: Culturetypal and Counter-Cultural Rhetorics in the Martyred Black Vision." Communication Monographs 57 (1990): 5-25. On electronic reserve.

Lucas, Stephen E. "The Renaissance of American Public Address: Text and Context in Rhetorical Criticism." Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988): 241-260.

Lucas, Stephen E. "The Schism in Rhetorical Scholarship." Quarterly Journal of Speech 67 (1981): 1-20.

McGee, Michael C. "The Fall of Wellington: A Case Study of the Relationship between Theory, Practice, and Rhetoric in History." Quarterly Journal of Speech 63 (1977): 28-42.

McGee, Michael Calvin. "The 'Ideograph': A Link Between Rhetoric and Ideology." Quarterly Journal of Speech 66 (1980): 1-16. On electronic reserve.

McGee, Michael C. "In Search of 'The People': A Rhetorical Alternative." Quarterly Journal of Speech 61 (1975): 235-49. On electronic reserve.

McGee, Michael Calvin. "Social Movement as Meaning." Central States Speech Journal 34 (1983): 74-77.

McGee, Michael Calvin. " "Social Movement": Phenomenon or Meaning?" Central States Speech Journal 31 (1980): 233-244.

McGee, Michael Calvin. "Text, Context, and the Fragmentation of Contemporary Culture." Western Journal of Speech Communication 54 (1990): 274-289. On electronic reserve.

McKerrow, Raymie E. "Critical Rhetoric: Theory and Praxis." Communication Monographs 56 (1989): 91-111. On electronic reserve.

Medhurst, Martin J. "Public Address and Significant Scholarship: Four Challenges to the Rhetorical Renaissance." Texts in Context. Ed. Michael C. Leff and Fred Kauffeld. Davis, CA: Hermagoras Press, 1989. 29-42.

Medhurst, Martin J., and Thomas W. Benson. " "The City": The Rhetoric of Rhythm." Communication Monographs 48 (1981): 54-72. On electronic reserve.

Mohrmann, Gerald P., and Michael Leff. "Lincoln at Cooper Union: A Rationale for Neo-Classical Criticism." Quarterly Journal of Speech 60 (1974): 459-467.

Murphy, John M. "Civic Republicanism in the Modern Age: Adlai Stevenson in the 1952 Presidential Campaign." Quarterly Journal of Speech 80 (1992): 313-328.

Ong, Walter J. "The Writer's Audience Is Always a Fiction." Interfaces of the Word. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977. 53-81.

Osborn, Michael. "Archetypal Metaphor in Rhetoric: The Light-Dark Family." Quarterly Journal of Speech 1967 (1967): 115-126.

Peterson, Tarla Rai. "The Rhetorical Construction of Institutional Authority in a Senate Subcommittee Hearing on Wilderness Legislation." Western Journal of Speech Communication 52 (1988): 259-276.

Rosenfield, Lawrence W. "The Anatomy of Critical Discourse." Speech Monographs 35 (1968): 50-69. On electronic reserve.

Rosenfield, Lawrence W. "The Experience of Criticism." Quarterly Journal of Speech 60 (1974): 489-496.

Rushing, Janice Hocker. "Evolution of 'The New Frontier' in Alien and Aliens: Patriarchal Co-optation of the Feminine Archetype." Quarterly Journal of Speech 75 (1989): 1-24. On electronic reserve.

Rushing, Janice Hocker. "The Rhetoric of the American Western Myth." Communication Monographs 50 (1983): 14-32.

Scott, Robert L. "On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic." Central States Speech Journal 38 (1967): 9-17.

Simons, Herbert W. "Requirements, Problems, and Strategies: A Theory of Persuasion for Social Movements." Quarterly Journal of Speech 56 (1970): 1-11. On electronic reserve.

Solomon, Martha. "Ideology as Rhetorical Constraint: The Anarchist Agitation of "Red Emma" Goldman." Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988): 184-200.

Solomon, Martha. "The "Positive Woman's" Journey: A Mythic Analysis of the Rhetoric of STOP ERA." Quarterly Journal of Speech 65 (1979): 262-274.

Solomon, Martha. "The Rhetoric of STOP ERA: Fatalistic Reaffirmation." Southern Speech Communication Journal 44 (1978): 42-59.

Solomon, Martha. ""With Firmness in the Right": The Creation of Moral Hegemony in Lincoln's Second Inaugural." Communication Reports 1 (1988): 32-37.

Stelzner, Hermann G. "The Quest Story and Nixon's November 3, 1969 Address." Quarterly Journal of Speech 57 (1971): 163-172.

Wander, Philip. "The Ideological Turn in Modern Criticism." Central States Speech Journal 34 (1983): 1-18. On electronic reserve.

Ware, B. L., and Wil A. Linkugel. "They Spoke in Defense of Themselves: On the Generic Criticism of Apologia." Quarterly Journal of Speech 59 (1973): 273-283. On electronic reserve.

White, Eugene E. "Solomon Stoddard's Theories of Persuasion." Speech Monographs 29 (1962): 235-259.

Wilson, John F. "Harding's Rhetoric of Normalcy, 1920-1923." Quarterly Journal of Speech 48 (1962): 406-411.

Wilson, John F. "Rhetorical Echoes of a Wilsonian Idea." Quarterly Journal of Speech 43 (1957): 271-272.

Wrage, Ernest J. "Public Address: A Study in Social and Intellectual History." Quarterly Journal of Speech 33 (1947): 451-457.
Zarefsky, David. "The State of the Art in Public Address Scholarship." Texts in Context. Ed. Michael C. Leff and Fred Kauffeld. Davis, CA: Hermagoras Press, 1989. 13-28.

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