Short Course on
SURFACTANTS
AND BLOCK COPOLYMERS
Self-Assembly: Structure-Performance Relationship
|
Surfactants find numerous applications in chemical process
industries, in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, household products, and agricultural
chemicals, in mineral processing technologies, and in food processing
industries. Naturally occurring surfactants in plants, animals, and
humans have important biological or physiological functions. The
research activity in the field of surfactants has experienced enormous growth
during the last twenty-five years. More than one thousand research
articles are published annually and many scientific journals are devoted to
the study of surfactants. The widespread applications of surfactants originate from the
intrinsic duality in their molecular characteristics; namely, they are
composed of a polar head group that likes water and a non-polar tail group
that dislikes water. Numerous variations are possible in the types of
the head groups and tail groups. This variety in the molecular
structure of the surfactants allows for extensive variation in their solution
and interfacial properties. One would naturally like to discover the link between the
molecular structure of the surfactant and its self-assembling and solution
properties so that surfactants can be synthesized or selected specifically
for a given application. This course is designed for industrial researchers and
practitioners interested in understanding the fundamental solution properties
of surfactants and block copolymers.
The course is designed as a one–day course with approximately
eight hours of lectures. For further information about scheduling and registration: CONTACT R. (Nagu) Nagarajan |
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION TO
SURFACTANTS
Classification
of Surfactants
Introduction
to Block Copolymers
Phenomenon
of Self-Assembly
Critical
Micelle Concentration
Aggregate
Shapes
PRINCIPLES OF
SELF-ASSEMBLY
Closed and
Continuous Association
Pseudo-Phase
Model
Estimation
of Critical Micelle Concentration
Estimation
of Micelle Size
Size
Dispersion of Micelles
Concentration
Dependence of Micelle Size
Micelle
Charge
Concentration
of Surfactant Monomer Beyond CMC
Sphere-to-Rod
Transition
Sphere-to
Bilayer Transition
MOLECULAR PACKING
AND SELF-ASSEMBLY
Packing
Requirements
Packing
Parameter
Principle
of Opposing Forces of Tanford
Packing
Parameter Model
Predicting
Type of Self-Assembly
SURFACTANTS IN
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Why Molecules
Aggregate ?
What
Factors Control Aggregate Size and Shape?
Determining
Molecular Constants for Surfactants
Influence
of Head Groups on Aggregation Behavior
Influence
of Tail Groups on Aggregation Behavior
Influence
of Ionic Strength on Aggregation Behavior
Influence
of Temperature on Aggregation Behavior
Transition
from Spherical to Rod-like Micelles
Formation
of Vesicles
SURFACTANT
MIXTURES
Ideal and
Non-Ideal Mixed Micelles
Regular
Solution Model
Size and
Composition Distribution of Aggregates
How Surfactant
Composition Affects Mixture Behavior ?
Nonionic
Hydrocarbon-Nonionic Hydrocarbon Surfactant Mixtures
Ionic
Hydrocarbon-Ionic Hydrocarbon Surfactant Mixtures
Ionic
Hydrocarbon-Nonionic Hydrocarbon Surfactant Mixtures
Anionic
Hydrocarbon-Cationic Hydrocarbon Surfactant Mixtures
Anionic
Fluorocarbon-Nonionic Hydrocarbon Surfactant Mixtures
Anionic
Hydrocarbon-Anionic Fluorocarbon Surfactant Mixtures
Origin of
Ideal and Non-Ideal Mixing Behavior
SURFACTANTS IN
NON-POLAR SOLVENTS
Differences
Between Water and Non-Polar Solvents
Why
Molecules Would Aggregate ?
Types of
Aggregates
Size
Distribution of Aggregates
Question
of Existence of a CMC
Influence
of Surfactant Molecular Structure
Influence
of Temperature
Influence
of Solvent Polarity
SURFACTANTS IN
POLAR ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Types of
Polar Solvents
Why
Surfactants Would Aggregate ?
Shape and
Size Distribution
Critical
Micelle Concentration
Aggregate
Size Polydispersity
Concentration-Dependent
Aggregate Size
Micelle
Formation in Mixed Aqueous-Organic Solvents
SOLUBILIZATION
Phenomenon of
Solubilization
Relations
for Solubilizate Uptake in Micelles
Why
Solubilization Occurs and What Factors Limit it ?
Solubilization
in Ionic Surfactant Solutions
Solubilization
in Micelles of Poly(ethylene oxide) Surfactants
Solubilization-Induced
Rod-to-Sphere Transition
Solubilization
of Binary Hydrocarbon Mixtures
Solubilization
in Mixed Micelles
MICROEMULSIONS
Phenomenon of
Microemulsion Formation
Droplet
Microemulsions
Bicontinuous
Microemulsions
Phase
Diagrams
Size and
Composition Dispersion of Droplets
Persistence
Length in Bicontinuous Microemulsions
Calculation
of Interfacial Tension
Phase
Transitions Between Microemulsion Systems
Nonionic
Microemulsions
Microemulsions
With Ionic Surfactants
Use of Cosurfactants
POLYMER-SURFACTANT
INTERACTIONS
Interaction
of Nonionic Polymer with Globular Micelles
Interaction
of Nonionic Polymer with Rod-like Micelles
Interaction
of Nonionic Polymer with Vesicles and Bilayers
Interaction
of Nonionic Polymer with Microemulsions
BLOCK COPOLYMER
AGGREGATES
Structure of
Block Copolymers
Aggregation
of AB,
Why
Molecules Aggregate ?
What
Factors Control Micelle Size ?
What
Factors Determine Amount of Solubilization ?
Block
Copolymer Composition and Aggregate Shapes
Solution
Conditions and Aggregate Shape
Aggregate
Shape Transitions Induced by Solubilization
Phase
Behavior of Block Copolymer-Oil-Water System
Comparison
to Conventional Surfactants
SOME APPLICATIONS
Chemical
Separations
Selective
Protein Extraction
Enzymatic
Biocatalysis
Deinking of Laser and Xerox Printed Papers
Use as
Environmentally-Benign Solvent for Product Recovery
Enhanced
Oil Recovery
Lubricant
Additives
Synthesis
and Stabilization of Nanoparticles
REVIEW AND
CONCLUDING DISCUSSIONS