Bio 110 Lecture Study Questions for Exam 1

1. What are the characteristics of  science?
2. How do induction and deduction "fit" into scientific thinking?
3. Describe the scientific method.  Define:  hypothesis, experiment.
4. What is "life"?  Describe life's characteristics and several attempts at its definition.
5. Define:  autotroph (photosynthetic and chemosynthetic), heterotroph, fermentation, respiration, anabolism and catabolism.
6. Describe the Two Kingdom, Three Kingdom, Five Kingdom and Six Kingdom approaches to the classification of living organisms.
7. What are viruses? What Kingdom are they in?
8. Describe the hierarchy of life.
9. What are the three most abundant atoms in biological systems.  Why are each "important"?
10. What is a covalent bond?  Describe a covalent bond that is polar and one that is non-polar.
11. Describe and discuss the molecular structure of water.  List the many biologically significant properties of water and where possible relate them to water's structure.
12. What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?  Relate this law to life's definition, to the hierarchy of life, and to diffusion.
13. Describe why osmosis and diffusion occur.
14. Using terms like hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic, permeable and semipermeable (="selectively permeable"), predict the outcomes of non-equilibrated states involving cells and their environments.
15. Carbohydrates: functions in cells? terms: monosaccharide, triose, tetrose, pentose (examples?), hexose (examples?), disaccharides (examples?).
16. Using the generalized model of glucose, illustrate condensation synthesis of a disaccharide (formation of a glycosidic linkage).  What is the difference between a beta and an alpha linkage?
17. Describe the "storage" and "structural" polysaccharides described in class.
18. Lipids: define.  Describe types; Neutral fats (synonyms, functions, generalized molecular model, nature/types of fatty acids).  Phospholipids (relationship to neutral fats, amphipatic nature, behaviors in water, functions in a cell).  Steroids (functions). Prostaglandins (functions).
19. Proteins: composition of a cell, functions, generalized amino acid model, describe a peptide bond , how is each protein uniquely defined (3 ways), discuss the interaction of  R-groups  to form the Secondary and Tertiary structures of a protein, describe the Quaternary structure.
20. The functioning of a protein in a biological system is determined by its ---------------------  (fill-in).
21. Describe the functioning and regulation of enzymes.
22. Nucleic acids: know general structure of a nucleotide, compare and contrast the structures and functions of RNA and DNA. Describe the steps in biosynthesis of RNA. Define transcription and transplation.
23. Relate the generalized structure of a nucleotide to the structure of ATP. Describe how ATP functions in a cell.