History 486
Lecture #26

Tibet:  The Tibet Question

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I. Introduction
         A. Positioning Tibet [map]
         B. The Tibet Question
                  1. Political Status of Tibet
                  2. How to define Tibet?
                  3. Historically Static Boundaries?
                  4. Self-Determination
         C. Representations of Independence?
         D. Two Tibets:  Ethnic and Political
                  1. Greater Tibet:  Amdo, Kham

II. Historical Tibet
         A. Reincarnation & Tibetan Buddhism
                  1."Red Hat" Sect
                              - Kargyupa and Kadampa
                  2. "Yellow Hat" Sect:  Geluk (Gelukpka
                              - Tsongkapa (Tsong-kha-pa) (d. 1419)
                              - Lhasa (1633)
                  3. Reincarnation:  1193 (Karmalam)
                              - Discovery Process (14th Dalai Lama)
                              - Dalai Lama ("Ocean of Wisdom")

III. The Qing China & Tibet 
         A. 1682 
                  1. Rise of Qing Dynasty & Death of 5th Dalai Lama
                  2. Succession "Crisis"
                           - Dzungar Alliance
                           - 6th Dalai Lama (1697)
                           - 7th Dalai Lama (1720)
         B. 1727
                  1. Pro-Qing Tibetan Court
                           - Pholhanas
                  2. Qing Influence:
                           - Ambans
                           - Military Garrisons (Lhasa & Chamdo)
                           - Increased border province's jurisdiction

         C. 18th Century Reforms
                  1. Golden Urn
                  2. Elevated Authority of Ambans
                  3. Tibetan language, officials and legal system (and no taxes)

III. The PRC and Tibet
       A. Mao's Tibet Policy
              1. Moderation, Reintegration and Gradualism
              2. October 7, 1950 - PLA (Army) attacks Kham
                     - poorly supplied, led, and organized
                     - 2 weeks battle at an end
              3. Negotiations
                     a. 17-Point Agreement
       B. 1950's Tibet
       C. Dalai Lama to India (1959 )
        D. Panchen Lama
                  - 10th Panchen Lama (d. 1989)
                  - Selection Controversy
                  - Dalai Lama's Pick

IV. Conclusions
         A. What is Tibet?
         B. What was China's influence in Tibet?