Struggling to Survive: The Xi'an Incident, Yan'an & Occupied China

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I. Introduction: Changing Perspectives
     1. End of the Road - Oct. 22, 1935
          - Shaanxi
     2. Japanese & Nanjing Government
          - Mongolia (June 1935)
          - Japanese Demands
     3. Wayaobu Resolution
          - Chinese people vs. abstract principles

II. Looking Ahead
     A. Soviet People's Republic
          1.  Shaanxi
          2.  "Ring of Enemies"
                • Muslim bands (West)
                • Yan Xishan (East)
                • Zhang Xueliang (South)
     B. Zhang Xueliang ("The Young Marshall")
          1. Zhang Zuolin
                • Manchuria
          2. Anti-Japanese
          3. Negotiating with the "enemy"
               • Nov. 1935 - "We are all Chinese" (Mao)
          4. January/February 1936
               • Trade Permitted
               • Permanent Liaisons
               • Safe Passage
               • NOT anti-Jiang

III. Zhou Enlai
      A. Education
          1. Japan & France
          2. Leftist Trajectory
     B. Whampoa Academy
          1. Vice Director of Political Education
          2. 1927 - Shanghai
     C. Role in CCP
          1. Leadership role
          2. Relationship to Mao

IV. United Front
     A. World Perspective
          1. Anti-Fascist

     B. "Internal Pacification First/Resistance to Japan Second"
          1. Mao's Attempts at Unity
                       1) Immediate end to Civil War
                       2) Government of National Defense
                       3) Joint Army against Japan
                       4) Free Passage of Red Army to fight
                       5) Restoration of political freedoms
          2. Anti- Japanese Summer of 1936
          3. Mao's Re-assessment
               • "Resist Japan, Oppose Chiang"
     C. CCP-GMD Negotiations
               • Chiang's ultimatum to Zhang Xueliang
     D. Xian Incident (1936)
          1. Dec. 11-12:  Zhang Xueliang Acts
               • Lintong
          2. Dec. 17 - Zhou Enlai
          3. Dec. 22 - Soong Meiling and T.V. Soong
          4. Dec. 25 - Jiang returns to Nanjing
     E. "Behind Closed Doors'
          1. Jiang's Denial
          2. Renewed Attacks
          3. Japanese Attacks
               - July 7, 1937:  Marco Polo Bridge Incident (Lugouqiao)
               - July 28:  Mao ultimatum
               - July 29:  Japanese take Beijing
               - July 30:  Tianjin
               - Aug 13:  Shanghai

V. Conclusions
     A. Jiang Jieshi's Reluctance