Lect. #12– Early 20th Century Tibet

I. Introduction
              1. Independent Tibet?
                     - subordinate
                            ● Tibet-Dogra War (1841)
                            ● Tibet-Nepal War (1857)
                            ● Nyarong War (1862-1865)
                     - chöyön (chöyey + yöndag)

II. Britain & Tibet
       A. British Invasion (1903-1904)
              1. Younghusband and the Lhasa Convention (September 7, 1904)
                     - Dalai Lama flees to Urga
                     - Lhasa Convention
                            ● recognize Sikkim
                            ● open trade with India
                            ● establish trade ports
                            ● renounce all relations with foreign countries

                2. British (London) repudiate expedition and convention
                     - Anglo-Chinese Convention 1906
                3. Chinese & Kham
                     - Zhao Erfeng
                4. Chinese in Lhasa
                     - Ambans
                            ●  Army, roads, and sinicization
                            ●  1907 - Chinese school
                            ●  1908 Military college
                5. Dalai Lama
                     - New course of action:  China & Great Britain
                            ●  Beijing (September 28, 1908)
                            ●  Lhasa (December 25, 1909)
                            ●  Zhao Erfeng (February 12, 1910)
                            ●  Darjeeling, India
                     - Chinese Revolution
                            ●  October 11, 1911
                6. January 1913
                     - Dalai Lama enters Lhasa
                     - Issues proclamation

III. Forging a New Tibet
       A. New China, New Problems
               1. New assault on Kham (1912)
               2. Simla Talks (1913)
                     - Widening gap: map
                     - Simla Position:  symbolic subordination, extensive autonomy, watchful eye of Great Britain
               3. Simla Convention (1914)
                     - Outer Tibet:  effective autonomy, nominal suzerainty
                     - Inner Tibet: effective suzerainty, nominal religious autonomy
                     - No Chinese troops or officials in outer Tibet (except amban)
                     - China NOT a foreign country (vis-a-vis Tibet)
               4. Renewed assault on Kham (1916)
                     - British rifles

IV. A Lost Opportunity:  1920s Tibet
       A. 13th Dalai Lama's Modernization Campaign
               1. Military key necessity to defend Tibet
                     - Military needs money
                     - Revenue Investigation Office
                            ●  new tax on all religious and aristocratic estates
               2. Three factions:  Dalai Lama, Military, Aristocrats
               3. Paralysis:  each needs the other, each seeks to undermine the other
               4. December 12, 1933

       B.  Mongol Intervention
               1. Problems of reincarnation (and interregnum)
               2. 6th Dalai Lama
                            ● Songs of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)
                            ● Abdicated at age of 20
               3. Hlasang (Qosot Lhazang Khan)
                            ● Declares 6th Dalai Lama a "false incarnation"
                            ● Military intervention (with Kangxi approval)
                            ● Regent Sangye Gyatso executed & Dalai Lama sent to China
                            ● Attempts to appoint new Dalai Lama in his place
       C. 7th Dalai Lama (Kelsang Gyatso - 1708- 1757)
                     - Born in Litang
       D. Diminishing Qing Interest
               1. Kangxi dies in 1722
               2. Yongzheng
                            ● Chinese garrison removed
                            ● Ambans
               3. Pohla (d. 1747)
       E. Trouble from the South
               1. Gurkha (Nepal: 1768-69)
               2. Invades Tibet:  Tashilunpo sacked (1792)
               3. Qing intervention (1792)
       F. Chinese control?
                     - 1793 - golden urn (Qianlong)
                     - 1807 - 9th Dalai Lama

II. Tibet's External Relation & Internal Reforms  in Early 20th Century
       A. 13th Dalai Lama (Tupden Gyatso 1876-1933)
               1. Modernization goals
               2. Resistance (Panchen Lama and Aristocratic landowners)
       B. Britain and Tibet
               1. Francis Younghusband
               2. Fear of Russian Empire
               3. August 1904
                     - 1904 Convention
                     - 1906 Convention
       C. Zhao Erfeng
               1. Brutal invasion
               2. Dalai Lama flees to India (1910)
               3.  1911 Revolution (China):  Fall of Qing/Est. of Republic of China
       D. Chinese Nationalism, British Imperialism & Tibet
               1. Simla Conference
               2. Nationalist (GMD) Government
       E. Death of 13th Dalai Lama