Lect. #11– Tibet and Qing China

I. Fifth Dalai Lama & External Relations
       A. Ngawang Losang Gyatso (1617-1682)
              1. Power Structure
                     - Mongol Patron:  Gushri Khan (1582-1656)
                     - Regent
                     - Dalai Lama
              2. Tibetan Unifier
                     - Solidified Gelugpa control
                            ● Jonang-pa
                            ● Karmapa
                     - Consolidated Dalai Lama as "religious king" (Avalokiteshvara/Chenrezig)
                     - Central Asian Power
              3. Qing (Manchu) Empire (1644-1911)
                     - Shunzhi emperor
                     - Peers (not vassal)
       B.  Mongol Intervention
               1. Problems of reincarnation (and interregnum)
               2. 6th Dalai Lama
                            ● Songs of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)
                            ● Abdicated at age of 20
               3. Hlasang (Qosot Lhazang Khan)
                            ● Declares 6th Dalai Lama a "false incarnation"
                            ● Military intervention (with Kangxi approval)
                            ● Regent Sangye Gyatso executed & Dalai Lama sent to China
                            ● Attempts to appoint new Dalai Lama in his place
       C. 7th Dalai Lama (Kelsang Gyatso - 1708- 1757)
                     - Born in Litang
       D. Diminishing Qing Interest
               1. Kangxi dies in 1722
               2. Yongzheng
                            ● Chinese garrison removed
                            ● Ambans
               3. Pohla (d. 1747)
       E. Trouble from the South
               1. Gurkha (Nepal: 1768-69)
               2. Invades Tibet:  Tashilunpo sacked (1792)
               3. Qing intervention (1792)
       F. Chinese control?
                     - 1793 - golden urn (Qianlong)
                     - 1807 - 9th Dalai Lama

II. Tibet's External Relation & Internal Reforms  in Early 20th Century
       A. 13th Dalai Lama (Tupden Gyatso 1876-1933)
               1. Modernization goals
               2. Resistance (Panchen Lama and Aristocratic landowners)
       B. Britain and Tibet
               1. Francis Younghusband
               2. Fear of Russian Empire
               3. August 1904
                     - 1904 Convention
                     - 1906 Convention
       C. Zhao Erfeng
               1. Brutal invasion
               2. Dalai Lama flees to India (1910)
               3.  1911 Revolution (China):  Fall of Qing/Est. of Republic of China
       D. Chinese Nationalism, British Imperialism & Tibet
               1. Simla Conference
               2. Nationalist (GMD) Government
       E. Death of 13th Dalai Lama