"Fleeing Asia:" Japan's Rise in the World Order
IDs: sakoku
Matthew Perry
Sonno
Joi
Sino-Japanese
War
Fukuzawa Yukichi
Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)
I. Introduction: Popular Conceptions of
Japan
A. Modernization Miracle
B. Isolationist (Ethnocentric)
• sakoku
(National Seclusion)
C. Nativism
II. Tokugawa
Society (1603-1868)
A. Class and Status
1.
Samurai and Commoners
• Demarcating Status
• Samurai
•
4-class structure: peasant; artisan; merchant; samurai
2. Emperor, Shogun & Daimyo
• Tokugawa
Ieyasu (1542-1616)
• Bakufu
• Daimyo
• Sankin-kotai
B. Late Tokugawa Society:
Impact and Response?
1. Alternate Attendance
• Edo
2.
Seclusion Policy (sakoku seisaku)
3. Stagnant Society?
• Demographic
growth
- Daimyo "castle towns"
- Post towns
4. Economic
Repurcussions
• Rise of Merchant
Class
- Abolishment of Customs
Barriers
- Standardization of Weights and
Measures
- Transportation
Network
5.
Bakufu
Restraints
• Social Impact: Samurai
IV. 19th Century External
Pressures
A. Japan in a New
World
1.
Increased International
Presence
2.
Japanese Gold (rate of
exchange)
3.
Urban Riots:
• Distrust of Bakufu (not xenophobic)
B.
Perry's
Blackships
1.
Commodore Matthew
Perry (document)
• Arrival July
1853
• Return February
1854
-
"Wood & Water
Treaty"
•
Townsend Harris
Treaty (document)
-
Treaty
Ports
-
Extraterritoriality
-
"Most Favored Nation" clause
2.
Response and
Resistance
•
Bakufu vs. Emperor & Daimyos
• Sonno Joi - Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians
IV.
Meiji Restoration
A.
Plan?
1.
Immediate Goals: Abolition of Shogunate & Restoration of
Emperor
2.Theories about the fall of the shoganate & death of the emperor.
B. New
Government
1.
"Honor the
Emperor"
• Councils and
Ministries
• Efficient Tax
System
• Abolition of the Hans
C. New
Society
1.
Rapid Pace of
Reform
• 1869 - 4 Classes (aristocrats, upper samurai, lower samurai,
commoners)
• 1870 - Family Names for
all
• 1871 - Class Intermarriage
• 1871 - Samurai reforms
D. New
Policies
1. Fukoku Kyohei ("To strengthen and enrich the nation" or "Rich Country and Strong
Military")
2.
Turning towards the West
E. Foreign
Policy
1.
Korea -
1873
• Tributary
System
•
"Perry-style" Tactics
(1875)
-
Treaty of Kanghwa (February 27,
1876)
V. Japan's International Position(ing)
A. Fukuzawa Yukichi (1834-1901)
1. Datsu-a ron (Flee Asia)
2. Sino-Japanese War (1894-5)
• Korea: "Tonghak" (Eastern Learning)
• Port Arthur (Lüshun)/Dailian (Dairen)
• Weihaiwei
• Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) [document]
- Taiwan
- Liaodong (Kwantung) Peninsula
- Korea's "Independence"
- 200 (plus 30) taels indemnity
- Gashin Shotan (persevering through hardship)
VI. Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)
A. Background
1. Post Sino-Japanese War Emotions
2. Manchuria
3. Diplomatic maneuvering
- man-kan kokan ("trading Manchuria for Korea")
B. War
1. Declaration of War (Feb. 10, 1904)
- Port Arthur (Lushun), Jan 1905
- Mukden (Shenyang), Feb. 1905
- Russian Baltic Fleet
2. Japanese expectations at "Home"
C. Treaty of Portsmouth (September 1905)
1. Kaneko Kentaro & Theodore Roosevelt
2. Japanese demands
3. Home reception
VII. Shifting Aims
A. Democracy, Radicalism and Dissent
1. Party Rule
- Yoshino Sakuzō's minponshugi
2. Rice Riots of 1918
- 700,000 people in 36 towns, 129 towns, and 145 villages
VI. Conclusion
A. Collapse of Germany (and German model)
B. Meiji: Restoration or Revolution
• Reform from "Below" or "Above"
• Meiji Modernization
C. Call for Democracy: Rise of "Taisho Democracy"