HIST 10 World Civilizations to 1500
Lect. #8 

Republican Values & the Rise of Rome

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I. Introduction

         A. Monarchy Period
              1. 7 hills of Rome
              2. Original settlers mixed with surrounding Latin and Italic populations (map)
              3. Myths of the Monarchy (753-509 BCE)
                       • Romulus and Remus
                       • 7 Kings
              4. Archaeology: earliest habitation c. 1500 BC
                       • Huts on the Palatine hill c. 8 th century
                       • Unified community c. 600-550 BCE

         B. Early Republic
              1. Patricians and plebeians
              2. Struggle of the Orders
              3. The Twelve Tables, 451-449 BCE
                       • Picture
                       • Text

II. Roman Society
         A. Largely based on hierarchy
             1. Citizens, free persons/freedmen, slaves
              2. Patricians, plebeians
              3. Patrons, clients
              4. Family hierarchy

         B. Valued order, hard work, moderation, religious duty
         C. Mos maiorum – the way of the ancestors
         D. Familia and the paterfamilias
         E. The senate and magistracies
              1. Patres conscripti
              2. Imperium

III. Rise of Rome: Expansion (map)
        A. Italic Peninsula: 345-275 BC
        B. Western Expansion: Carthage and the Punic Wars [map]
              1. First: 264-241 BC – Carthage loses navy
              2. Second: 218-201 BC – Carthage loses empire
                       • Hannibal
                       • Battle of Cannae (216 BCE)
                       • Battle of Zama (202 BCE)              
              3. Third: 149-146 BCE – Carthage destroyed
        C. Eastern Expansion
              1. Hellenistic kingdoms in Macedon, Greece, Syria
        D. Social effects of Roman Imperialism
              1. Increased wealth, manpower
              2. Emergence of the equestrian class
              3. Loss of small farms; increase in urban poor
              4. Abuse of provincials

IV. The Late Republic [map]
        A.Land Redistribution: Tiberius Gracchus
        B.Revolt and “Reformation”: the Italians; the East; Sulla's reforms
        C.Individual Ambition:
              1. Gnaeus Pompey
              2. Julius Caesar
              3. Marc Antony
              4. Octavian Caesar (Augustus)

V.The Roman Empire

        A. Augustus, Rome's first emperor (r. 31 BCE – AD 14)
              1. Appeal to the mos maiorum
              2. New titles: Augustus, princeps senatus, chief priest, Father of the Country
              3. Military, administrative, and social reform
              4. Religious revival
              5. Building projects; popular displays
        B. Subsequent emperors
              1. Rise of the military
                       • The Praetorian Guard
              2. New standard for success
        C. Decreased importance of Rome
        D. Universal citizenship – granted by Caracalla in AD 212
        E. Crisis in the Third Century
        F. A new organization: Diocletian's tetrarchy, 293-312 [map]

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Try your luck at running the empire (though remember no one likes a wimpy emperor).