Fula (also known as Pulaar, Fulani and FulFulde) is spoken in many parts of West Africa including Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone and elsewhere.
Modern Fula is written in the Roman alphabet, but includes extra letters for implosive consonants and nasals, and so requires special font keyboard support separate from languages like Spanish and French.
The following fonts include characters for Fula spelling
The Character Map utility is free on all Windows machines and can be used to copy and paste accented letters and other foreign language characters characters into any Windows application. The Character Map is similar to the Insert Symbol tool found in some Windows applications such as Microsoft Word.
If you are using a recent version of Microsoft Word (2003+), you can use the following ALT key plus a numeric code can be used to type a Latin character (accented letter or punctuation symbol) in any Windows application.
| Sym | ALT Codes |
|---|---|
| Ɓ | ALT+0385 Capital implosive B |
| Ɗ | ALT+0394 Capital implosive D |
| Ŋ | ALT+0330 Capital engma |
| Ñ | ALT+0209 Capital N-tilde |
| Ɲ | ALT+0413 Capital palatal hook N |
| Ƴ | ALT+0435 Capital implosive Y |
| Sym | ALT Codes |
|---|---|
| ɓ | ALT+0595 Lower implosive B |
| ɗ | ALT+0599 Lower implosive D |
| ŋ | ALT+0331 Lower engma |
| ñ | ALT+0241 Lower N-tilde |
| ɲ | ALT+0626 Lower palatal hook N |
| ƴ | ALT+0436 implosive Y |
If you are working with a Unicode aware application such as Microsoft Office 2004, Text Edit (free with OS X ), Dreamweaver or Netscape 7 Composer /Mozilla Composer you can activate the Unicode Hex keyboard and use the following option codes.
| Let | Option Code |
|---|---|
| Ɓ | Option+0181 Capital implosive B |
| Ɗ | Option+018A Capital implosive G |
| Ŋ | Option+014A Capital engma |
| Ñ | Option+N, Shift+N Capital N-Tilde |
| Ɲ | Option+019D Capital palatal hook N |
| Ƴ | Option+01B3 Capital implosive Y |
| Let | Option Code |
|---|---|
| ɓ | Option+0253 Lower implosive B |
| ɗ | Option+0257 Lower implosive G |
| ŋ | Option+014B Lower engma |
| Ñ | Option+N, N Lower N-Tilde |
| ɲ | Option+0272 Lower palatal hook N |
| ƴ | Option+01B4 Lower implosive Y |
Note: The Unicode Hex Input keyboard must be active in order to use the numeric codes; otherwise only the numbers appear.
You can the Character Pallette to these characters. All characters are located in Symbols folder under "Phonetic Symbols".
This translation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights into Fula includes implosive consonants:
www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/fum1.htm
For implosive consonants and tones, the following browsers have the most consistent results.
Internet Explorer for Windows may not display implosive consonants by default. Users who prefer Internet Explorer for Windows should set the Latin font to Arial Unicode MS or some other Unicode script with phonetic symbol support.
Internet Explorer for Macintosh does not support implosive consonant symbols.
These are the codes which allow browsers and screen readers to process data as the appropriate language. All letters in codes are lower case.
See Using Encoding and Language Codes for more information on the meaning and implementation of these codes.
Use these codes to input consonants in HTML. For instance, if you want to type eɓe you would type eɓe. These numbers are also used with the Windows Alt codes listed above.
| Let | Entity Code |
|---|---|
| Ɓ | Ɓ Capital implosive B |
| Ɗ | Ɗ Capital implosive D |
| Ŋ | Ŋ Capital Engma |
| Ñ | Ñ Capital N-tilde |
| Ɲ | Ɲ Capital palatal hook N |
| Ƴ | Ƴ Capital implosive Y |
| Let | Entity Code |
|---|---|
| ɓ | ɓ Lower implosive B |
| ɗ | ɗ Lower implosive D |
| ŋ | ŋ Lower Engma |
| ñ | ñ Lower N-Tilde |
| ɲ | ɲ Lower palatal hook N |
| ƴ | ƴ Lower implosive Y |
NOTE: Because these are Unicode characters, the formatting may not exactly match that of the surrounding text depending on the browser.
Computers process text by assuming a certain encoding or a system of matching electronic data with visual text characters. Whenever you develop a Web site you need to make sure the proper encoding is specified in the header tags; otherwise the browser may default to U.S. settings and not display the text properly.
To declare an encoding, insert or inspect the following meta-tag at the top of your HTML file, then replace "???" with one of the encoding codes listed above. If you are not sure, use utf-8 as the encoding.
Generic Encoding Template
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=??? ">
...
<head>Declare Unicode
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8 ">
...
<head>
The final close slash must be included after the final quote mark in the encoding header tag if you are using XHTML
Declare Unicode in XHTML
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
...
<head>
If no encoding is declared, then the browser uses the default setting, which in the U.S. is typically Latin-1. Some display errors may occur.
Language tags are also suggested so that search engines and screen readers parse the language of a page. These are metadata tags which indicate the language of a page, not devices to trigger translation. Visit the Language Tag page to view information on where to insert it.
[an error occurred while processing this directive]Last Modified: Friday, 29-Jul-2016 13:40:13 EDT